The Traditional Birthstones of December: A Gemological and Cultural Journey Through Lapis Lazuli, Turquoise, and More

December, the final month of the year, is celebrated not only for its festive traditions but also for its rich heritage of gemstones. While December is commonly associated with a single birthstone, the reality is far more complex and fascinating: this month has multiple traditional birthstones, each with its own unique color, history, and symbolism. Among these, Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise stand out as the most historically significant and culturally enduring. However, other gems like Tanzanite, Zircon, and even Ruby have also been associated with December in various traditions.

This article explores the traditional December birthstones in detail, focusing on their gemological properties, historical significance, cultural symbolism, and practical care. Drawing from multiple sources, we will uncover how these gems have been cherished across centuries and how they continue to inspire admiration in the modern world.


History and Lore of December Birthstones

The tradition of assigning gemstones to months of the year dates back to ancient times, with early roots in biblical and Mesopotamian texts. The concept of birthstones as protective and spiritually significant objects gained popularity in medieval Europe, particularly in the 13th century, when the Church of England first listed the 12 stones corresponding to the months of the year.

For December, the selection of multiple birthstones reflects both the diversity of gemological materials available and the cultural richness of different regions. Among the most enduring of these are Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise, both of which have been revered for millennia across civilizations.

Lapis Lazuli: The Stone of Royalty and Wisdom

Lapis Lazuli, with its deep blue color flecked with golden pyrite, has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. Ancient Egyptian pharaohs, including King Tutankhamun, wore lapis lazuli in jewelry and inlays, believing it to be a connection to the divine. The stone was also highly prized in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, where it was carved into amulets and seals.

In medieval Europe, lapis lazuli was used to create pigments for illuminated manuscripts and religious art, further cementing its association with intellectual and spiritual pursuits. As a traditional December birthstone, it continues to symbolize wisdom, inner truth, and a deep connection to higher consciousness.

Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Prosperity

Turquoise, with its vibrant blue-green hues, has been a symbol of protection and good fortune in many cultures. Native American tribes, particularly the Navajo and Hopi, used turquoise in ceremonial jewelry, believing it to connect the earth and sky and to bring spiritual power. In ancient Egypt, turquoise was thought to ward off evil spirits and was often placed in tombs to protect the deceased.

In the East, particularly in Persia and China, turquoise was valued for its aesthetic and protective properties. It was often inlaid into furniture, weapons, and jewelry to bring prosperity and longevity. As a December birthstone, turquoise is believed to bring calm, enhance creativity, and provide a sense of inner tranquility.


Geological Formation and Sources

Each of December's traditional birthstones is formed through unique geological processes and is found in specific parts of the world, often in regions with rich mineral deposits and long histories of gemstone trade.

Lapis Lazuli

Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminum silicate. It is typically found in areas with high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, such as regions with ancient volcanic activity. The stone is often mined in Afghanistan, which has been a major source of lapis lazuli for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Canada, and the United States.

The presence of golden pyrite in lapis lazuli gives it its characteristic "starburst" effect and is a result of the stone's formation under intense geological conditions. High-quality lapis lazuli is translucent and has a deep, even blue color with fine white calcite veins and flecks of pyrite.

Turquoise

Turquoise is an aluminum phosphate mineral that forms in arid regions through the interaction of water with copper and aluminum minerals. It is often found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits and is commonly associated with veins of chalcedony and quartz. Major sources of turquoise include the southwestern United States (especially Arizona and Nevada), as well as Mexico, China, and Egypt.

The color of turquoise can vary depending on the presence of trace elements such as copper (which imparts blue tones) and iron (which gives it a greenish hue). High-quality turquoise is prized for its even color and lack of matrix (the surrounding mineral inclusions). The finest turquoise is often treated with resin or oil to enhance its color and durability.


Gemological Properties of December Birthstones

Understanding the gemological properties of each December birthstone is essential for both gemologists and jewelry enthusiasts. These properties determine the stone's durability, appearance, and suitability for different types of jewelry.

Gemstone Chemical Composition Color Hardness (Mohs Scale) Transparency Specific Gravity Refractive Index
Lapis Lazuli Sodium calcium aluminum silicate Deep blue with golden pyrite 5–6 Opaque to translucent 2.4–2.8 N/A (not a single mineral)
Turquoise Hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper Blue to green-blue 5–6 Opaque to translucent 2.0–2.7 1.61–1.65
Tanzanite Calcium aluminum silicate Violet to blue 6–7 Translucent to transparent 3.1–3.4 1.69–1.70
Zircon Zirconium silicate Colorless to yellow, blue, or red 6–7.5 Translucent to transparent 4.6–4.7 1.92–2.01
Topaz Aluminum silicate Colorless to blue, yellow, or pink 8 Transparent to translucent 3.4–3.5 1.61–1.63
Ruby (historically) Aluminum oxide with chromium Red 9 Transparent to translucent 4.0–4.1 1.76–1.78
Chrysoprase Silica with nickel Green 6–7 Translucent to opaque 2.6–3.0 1.48–1.52
Onyx Silica-based chalcedony Black with white bands 6.5–7 Opaque 2.6–2.65 1.48–1.53
Bloodstone Silica-based chalcedony Green with red spots 6.5–7 Opaque 2.6–2.65 1.53–1.54

From this table, it is evident that Topaz and Ruby are the hardest of December’s birthstones, making them more durable for everyday wear. In contrast, Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise, with their lower hardness and often opaque nature, are better suited for occasional wear and require careful handling.


Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs

The metaphysical properties attributed to gemstones have been an integral part of many cultures, particularly in spiritual and healing practices. While these beliefs are not scientifically proven, they reflect the deep cultural significance of these stones.

Lapis Lazuli

Lapis lazuli is often associated with wisdom, truth, and intellectual clarity. It is believed to enhance self-awareness, stimulate the mind, and encourage a deeper understanding of oneself and the universe. In spiritual practices, lapis lazuli is used to activate the third eye and crown chakras, promoting a connection with higher consciousness.

Historically, lapis lazuli was used in rituals to invoke protection and divine guidance. In modern crystal healing, it is said to reduce stress, promote inner peace, and enhance communication and empathy.

Turquoise

Turquoise is one of the most revered stones in metaphysical practices. It is believed to be a stone of protection, particularly in times of stress or danger. Many cultures have used turquoise as a protective talisman, especially for warriors and travelers.

In addition to protection, turquoise is associated with healing, particularly for the throat and immune system. It is said to enhance creativity and self-expression, making it a popular stone for artists, musicians, and writers.

Tanzanite

Tanzanite is known for its calming and soothing properties. It is believed to promote emotional healing, reduce anxiety, and foster compassion. In some traditions, tanzanite is used to support spiritual transformation and to encourage a deeper understanding of one's life path.

Zircon

Zircon is often referred to as the "stone of magic" due to its brilliant fire and rainbow-like colors. It is believed to enhance psychic abilities, promote spiritual growth, and protect against negative energies. Zircon is also associated with prosperity and good fortune, making it a popular choice for those seeking abundance.

Topaz

Topaz is known as a stone of clarity and strength. It is believed to enhance mental focus, improve decision-making, and promote emotional balance. In some traditions, blue topaz is used to attract love and friendship, while golden topaz is associated with wealth and success.

Ruby (Historically)

Ruby has long been associated with passion, courage, and vitality. It is believed to stimulate the heart and circulatory system, promote confidence, and encourage bold action. Ruby is also associated with love and romance, making it a popular stone for those seeking to deepen their relationships.

Chrysoprase

Chrysoprase is known for its nurturing and healing properties. It is believed to promote emotional healing, especially for those who have experienced heartbreak or low self-esteem. Chrysoprase is also associated with abundance and growth, making it a popular stone for those seeking to enhance their personal or professional life.

Onyx

Onyx is a powerful protective stone. It is believed to absorb negative energies, promote emotional strength, and provide a sense of grounding. Onyx is also associated with discipline, willpower, and self-control, making it a popular stone for those seeking to overcome challenges.

Bloodstone

Bloodstone is a stone of courage and vitality. It is believed to renew energy, increase endurance, and provide a sense of grounding. Bloodstone is also associated with protection and is often used in rituals to invoke strength and resilience.


Care and Cleaning of December Birthstones

Due to the variety of hardness and composition among December's traditional birthstones, it is important to follow proper care and cleaning techniques to preserve their beauty and longevity.

General Care Guidelines

  • Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise: These stones are relatively soft and can be easily scratched. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, heat, and abrasive materials. Clean with a soft, damp cloth and mild soap. Avoid soaking in water for extended periods.

  • Tanzanite and Zircon: These stones are more durable but still sensitive to high heat and strong chemicals. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause damage to the stone.

  • Topaz and Ruby: These are harder stones and can be cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners. However, avoid exposing them to extreme heat or sudden temperature changes.

  • Chrysoprase, Onyx, and Bloodstone: These stones are durable but should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, as they can dull the stone's surface.

Additional Tips

  • Store December birthstones separately to prevent scratching.
  • Avoid exposing gemstones to direct sunlight for prolonged periods, as some stones (like turquoise) may fade.
  • If the gemstone is porous (like turquoise or lapis lazuli), avoid excessive moisture to prevent damage.

Conclusion

December's traditional birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique beauty, history, and symbolism. From the deep blue of Lapis Lazuli and the vibrant Turquoise to the rare and captivating Tanzanite and the brilliant Zircon, these stones reflect the cultural and spiritual heritage of the December-born.

Whether cherished for their metaphysical properties, their aesthetic appeal, or their historical significance, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire. For those born in December, these stones serve as a meaningful connection to the past, a symbol of personal identity, and a reminder of the enduring power of gemstones to enhance our lives.


Sources

  1. Ouros Jewels - December Birthstones
  2. Western Montana Aging Services - December Birthstones
  3. Anahana - December Birthstones
  4. Crystal Life - December Birthstones

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