August, the eighth month of the year, is associated with a unique distinction in the world of birthstones. Unlike many other months that are linked to one or two gemstones, August is represented by three: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. These stones are not only celebrated for their beauty but also for the deep historical and cultural significance they carry. Each gemstone offers a distinct color, meaning, and set of properties that reflect the diversity and richness of August's symbolic identity. This guide explores the origins, gemological properties, historical lore, and modern relevance of these three August birthstones, providing a detailed resource for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and those curious about the stones that represent the month of summer.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, with early references found in religious texts and historical writings. One of the most notable historical foundations for this tradition comes from the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Bible’s Book of Exodus. This sacred garment, worn by the high priest of the Israelites, featured twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel and the zodiac. Over time, these stones became associated with the months of the year, forming the basis of the modern birthstone tradition.
Among the three August birthstones, sardonyx holds the most ancient roots. It is mentioned in the Bible as one of the stones in the High Priest’s breastplate and as one of the foundation stones of the city of Jerusalem. Sardonyx has been used in jewelry and amulets for thousands of years, with its reddish-brown color banded with white making it a popular choice in ancient times for its protective and symbolic properties.
Peridot, on the other hand, was historically misidentified and often confused with other gems such as topaz and emerald. In fact, the Red Sea island of Topazios, from which the name “topaz” is believed to derive, actually produced peridot rather than the gem it shares its name with. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection was composed not of emeralds, but of peridot. This misidentification persisted until gemologists developed more advanced methods of identification.
The spinel is the youngest of the three August birthstones. It was not officially added to the birthstone list until 2016, when the Jewelers of America (JA) and the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) updated the list to include it as an alternative gemstone for August. Spinel had long been mistaken for ruby and other red gems due to its vibrant color and similar appearance, and it has only recently gained recognition for its unique qualities and beauty.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of the August birthstones has a distinct geological origin, formed under different conditions and found in various parts of the world.
Peridot
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine and is known for its vivid green color, which ranges from yellowish green to deep olive green. It is one of the few gemstones that can be found in both igneous rock and meteorites. Peridot is formed under extreme heat and pressure, often carried to the Earth’s surface by lava flows that originate from the mantle. It is also found in basaltic rock, where it crystallizes in pockets as the rock cools.
The most significant sources of peridot include Arizona, Bolivia, Brazil, Egypt, and Madagascar. The American Southwest, particularly Arizona, is now a major source of peridot, making it more accessible in the jewelry market.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of onyx, a form of chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline variety of quartz. It is characterized by its reddish-brown body color with white banding, which gives it a unique and elegant appearance. Sardonyx is formed through the precipitation of silica in the cavities of volcanic rock, where it solidifies over time.
Historically, sardonyx was mined in India, where it was used in ancient jewelry and seals. Today, it can also be found in Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany. The stone has been used in amulets and talismans for protection and has been favored for its durability and affordability.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate and is known for its wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, blue, and black. It is often mistaken for ruby due to its intense red color and similar refractive properties. Spinel is formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks, and it is typically found in limestone and marble deposits.
The most notable sources of spinel include Afghanistan, Myanmar, Madagascar, and Brazil. The Burma region has produced some of the finest red spinels in history, many of which were previously thought to be rubies.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and chemical properties of a gemstone is essential for gemologists, jewelers, and collectors. Each of the August birthstones has unique characteristics that define its appearance, durability, and suitability for jewelry.
Peridot
- Chemical Composition: (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ (Olivine group)
- Color: Yellowish green to greenish yellow
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6.5 to 7
- Refractive Index: 1.65 to 1.70
- Specific Gravity: 3.32 to 3.40
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction
- Inclusions: Common, often visible as small crystals
Peridot is a relatively hard gemstone but is prone to cleavage, which means it can be damaged if struck in the wrong direction. It is best suited for earrings, pendants, and rings that are not subjected to heavy wear.
Sardonyx
- Chemical Composition: SiO₂ (Silicon dioxide)
- Color: Reddish brown with white banding
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6.5 to 7
- Refractive Index: 1.48 to 1.53
- Specific Gravity: 2.58 to 2.64
- Luster: Waxy to vitreous
- Cleavage: None
- Inclusions: Rare
Sardonyx is a very durable stone due to its quartz composition and lack of cleavage. It is ideal for rings, bracelets, and amulets, making it a popular choice for everyday jewelry.
Spinel
- Chemical Composition: MgAl₂O₄
- Color: Red, pink, orange, blue, black
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Refractive Index: 1.718 to 1.834
- Specific Gravity: 3.6 to 4.0
- Luster: Vitreous
- Cleavage: None
- Inclusions: Common, often visible as small crystals or fractures
Spinel is a very hard and durable gemstone, making it suitable for all types of jewelry. Its high refractive index gives it a sparkling appearance, and its lack of cleavage makes it more resistant to damage.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the August birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, which have been attributed to them across different cultures and eras.
Peridot
Peridot has long been associated with positive energy, healing, and protection. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to ward off nightmares and was often placed under pillows. In medieval Europe, it was used as a protective stone for travelers and was thought to bring good fortune and peace of mind. Peridot is also believed to promote emotional healing, self-acceptance, and clarity of thought, making it a popular stone for those seeking inner balance.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has been used for protection, courage, and strength in various ancient cultures. In ancient Rome, it was worn by soldiers and warriors for protection in battle and was believed to strengthen willpower and discipline. In the Middle Ages, it was used as a protective amulet for travelers and was thought to ward off illness and misfortune. Sardonyx is also associated with stability, loyalty, and honesty, making it a meaningful stone for those seeking grounding and integrity.
Spinel
Spinel is often associated with passion, love, and romance. Its vibrant red color has made it a symbol of deep emotion and intense feeling. In ancient times, it was believed to promote vitality, energy, and courage. Spinel is also associated with fertility, feminine energy, and healing, making it a popular stone for those seeking emotional and physical well-being. In modern times, it is often used in engagement rings and love gifts, symbolizing commitment and lasting love.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of any gemstone. The following care instructions are based on the specific properties of peridot, sardonyx, and spinel.
Peridot
Due to its perfect cleavage, peridot should be handled with care to avoid damage. It is best to avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning, as the vibrations and heat can cause the stone to crack. Warm, soapy water is the safest method for cleaning peridot. It should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches and should not be worn during activities that may expose it to impact.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is very durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water or mild detergent. It can also be ultrasonically cleaned without risk of damage. Sardonyx is not sensitive to heat or light, making it a low-maintenance gemstone. It can be stored with other gemstones without concern for scratches or damage.
Spinel
Spinel is very hard and durable, making it suitable for all types of jewelry. It can be cleaned with ultrasonic cleaners, steam cleaners, or warm, soapy water. It is not sensitive to heat, light, or chemicals, making it one of the easiest gemstones to care for. Spinel can be stored with other gemstones without risk of damage and is ideal for everyday wear.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—offer a rich tapestry of color, history, and symbolism that reflects the vibrant energy of the month of August. Each gemstone has its own unique story, from the ancient origins of sardonyx to the modern recognition of spinel. Whether you are drawn to the green brilliance of peridot, the banding of sardonyx, or the sparkling red of spinel, these stones are not only beautiful but also carry deep meaning and significance. Understanding their gemological properties, historical context, and metaphysical meanings allows for a greater appreciation of these gems and the role they play in the world of jewelry and gemstone lore.