The concept of birthstones is a rich tradition that spans cultures and centuries, linking specific gemstones to the months of the year and imbuing them with symbolic and spiritual significance. While each month typically has a primary birthstone, some months are also associated with a second or even a third gemstone. These secondary birthstones often bring a deeper layer of meaning, history, and beauty to the tradition. In this article, we will explore some of the most notable second birthstones, including Alexandrite, Moonstone, and Onyx, among others. We will delve into their historical origins, geological properties, cultural symbolism, and practical considerations for their use in jewelry.
History and Lore
Alexandrite: A Gem of Transformation
Alexandrite is one of the rarest and most intriguing gemstones associated with a second birthstone designation. It was discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia in 1830, and it was named in honor of Alexander II, the heir to the Russian throne, who was born on the day the stone was first discovered. The gemstone quickly became a favorite of the Russian aristocracy, and it was often incorporated into royal jewelry collections.
What makes alexandrite truly unique is its color-changing ability. In daylight or under fluorescent lighting, it appears green or bluish-green, while under incandescent light, it shifts to reddish-purple hues. This remarkable transformation has led to many legends and myths surrounding the stone. In some cultures, it is believed that alexandrite brings good fortune and prosperity and helps the wearer maintain a balance between their spiritual and physical worlds.
Astrologically, alexandrite is associated with the signs of Gemini and Aries and is also linked to the planet Mercury, which governs communication, intellect, and adaptability. It is considered a stone of change and transition, making it a fitting symbol for those undergoing personal growth or transformation.
Moonstone: A Mystical Gem of the Moon
Moonstone is another second birthstone of great historical and spiritual significance. It is one of the most mystical and ethereal gemstones, known for its iridescent sheen, often described as a "play of light" that resembles the glow of the moon. This effect is due to the interference of light within the layers of feldspar that make up the stone’s structure.
In ancient times, moonstone was believed to be formed from moonlight solidified, and it was associated with lunar goddesses and the moon's cycles. It was particularly revered by Hindu and Buddhist traditions, where it was used in spiritual practices to promote inner peace, intuition, and emotional balance. In European folklore, moonstone was thought to bring good luck and protection, especially to women during childbirth.
Modern interpretations of moonstone's symbolism include hope, calmness, and abundance. It is also considered a stone of love and fertility, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and other romantic jewelry.
Onyx: A Stone of Strength and Protection
Onyx, the second birthstone for July, is a black chalcedony known for its solid, smooth surface and polished finish. It is named after the Greek word onyx, meaning "fingernail", a reference to its smooth texture and appearance. According to Greek mythology, it was believed that Venus, the goddess of love, had her fingernails cut by Cupid, and these clippings were turned into stone by the gods.
Onyx is a protective and grounding stone, used to promote strength, focus, and emotional stability. It is also believed to help ward off negative energy and assist in recovering from heartbreak. In many ancient cultures, onyx was used in amulets and talismans for protection during battle and travel.
In modern times, onyx continues to be a popular gemstone for jewelry, home decor, and spiritual practices. It is often used in anklets and bracelets, symbolizing endurance and resilience.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite: A Rare and Valuable Gem
Alexandrite is a variety of chrysoberyl, a mineral composed of beryllium and aluminum oxides (BeAl₂O₄). It is known for its exceptional hardness, scoring 8.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in fine jewelry. However, due to its rarity, alexandrite is typically reserved for high-end pieces.
Natural alexandrite is found in limited quantities in countries such as Russia, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The Russian deposits were the first to be discovered and were considered the most valuable due to their vibrant color-changing properties. However, most alexandrite available on the market today comes from Brazil and Sri Lanka.
The color-changing property of alexandrite is due to the presence of chromium in the crystal structure, which absorbs and reflects different wavelengths of light depending on the lighting conditions. This effect is known as the alexandrite effect and is one of the most prized characteristics of the gemstone.
Moonstone: A Feldspar with a Luminous Glow
Moonstone is a type of feldspar mineral, specifically a potassium aluminum silicate (KAlSi₃O₈). It is known for its iridescent sheen, a phenomenon caused by the refraction of light through the intergrown layers of feldspar. This effect is most prominent in white and peach-colored moonstones, which are the most commonly used in jewelry.
Moonstone is found in several countries, including Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, the United States, and Madagascar. Sri Lankan moonstone is particularly prized for its strong adularescence—the milky, glowing effect that gives the stone its name.
Unlike alexandrite, moonstone is relatively soft, scoring 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale. This makes it more susceptible to damage and requires gentle handling and care to maintain its appearance and luster.
Onyx: A Durable Variety of Chalcedony
Onyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline quartz composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂). It is known for its smooth texture, uniform color, and high polish, making it ideal for jewelry and decorative objects. Onyx is found in many countries, including Brazil, India, and the United States, and it is often cut and polished into cabochons, beads, and inlay work.
Onyx is a 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it durable enough for daily wear in jewelry. However, because it is a black stone, it is less likely to show signs of wear compared to lighter-colored stones.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite: A Hard and Rare Gem
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | BeAl₂O₄ (Chrysoberyl) |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 8.5 |
| Color | Green in daylight, red/purple under incandescent light |
| Refractive Index | 1.74–1.76 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.6–3.8 |
| Origin | Russia, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zimbabwe |
| Common Uses | Fine jewelry, collectors' items, investment pieces |
Alexandrite is a highly valued gemstone due to its rarity, hardness, and unique color-changing ability. It is considered one of the "big three" color-change gems, along with grandidierite and sapphire.
Moonstone: A Soft and Luminous Gem
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | KAlSi₃O₈ (Feldspar) |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 6–6.5 |
| Color | White, peach, gray, or blue |
| Refractive Index | 1.51–1.55 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.55–2.58 |
| Origin | Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, USA, Madagascar |
| Common Uses | Jewelry (especially rings and pendants), decorative objects |
Moonstone is known for its adularescence, a soft, glowing effect that makes it ideal for romantic and elegant jewelry designs. Due to its lower hardness, it is best suited for less abrasive settings such as pendants and earrings.
Onyx: A Durable and Stylish Gem
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂ (Chalcedony) |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 6.5–7 |
| Color | Black, with occasional white or gray bands |
| Refractive Index | 1.48–1.53 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.6–2.64 |
| Origin | Brazil, India, United States, Mexico |
| Common Uses | Jewelry (especially rings, bracelets, and anklets), inlay work, sculptures |
Onyx is a popular gemstone for bold and minimalist jewelry designs. Its solid black color and smooth finish make it a versatile stone that can be paired with a wide range of metals and other gemstones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Alexandrite: A Stone of Transformation and Intuition
Alexandrite is a stone of change and transformation, making it particularly valuable for those undergoing personal or spiritual growth. It is believed to enhance intuition, creativity, and emotional balance, helping the wearer navigate life's transitions with grace and insight.
In Hindu and Buddhist traditions, alexandrite is associated with the third eye chakra, the center of intuition and spiritual awareness. It is used in meditation and healing practices to promote mental clarity and emotional stability.
Modern New Age practitioners also use alexandrite for energy work, believing that it can help align the body’s energy centers and enhance psychic abilities.
Moonstone: A Stone of Feminine Energy and Emotional Balance
Moonstone is a stone of feminine energy and emotional balance, often associated with the moon’s cycles and the goddesses of love and fertility. It is believed to promote calmness, intuition, and emotional stability, making it a valuable stone for those undergoing emotional transitions or seeking inner peace.
In ancient India, moonstone was used in spiritual practices to promote inner harmony and spiritual growth. It was also believed to enhance fertility and childbirth, and it was often worn by pregnant women for protection and support.
Modern interpretations of moonstone’s symbolism include hope, abundance, and emotional healing. It is also considered a stone of love and romance, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and other romantic jewelry.
Onyx: A Stone of Strength and Protection
Onyx is a stone of strength, protection, and emotional stability. It is believed to help the wearer overcome challenges, maintain focus, and ward off negative energy. It is often used in jewelry and amulets to provide protection during difficult times or stressful situations.
In ancient Rome, onyx was used in amulets and talismans for protection during battle and travel. It was believed to strengthen the warrior’s spirit and protect them from harm.
Modern New Age practitioners also use onyx for energy work, believing that it can help ground the body’s energy, remove negative emotions, and promote emotional healing and recovery.
Care and Cleaning
Alexandrite
Due to its hardness of 8.5, alexandrite is relatively durable and resistant to scratches. However, because of its rarity and value, it should be handled with care to avoid damage or loss.
- Cleaning: Alexandrite can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. It is not recommended to use steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as this can damage the stone or loosen the setting.
- Storage: Store alexandrite jewelry in a soft pouch or separate compartment to prevent scratches from other stones.
- Wear: Alexandrite is suitable for daily wear, but it should be avoided during high-impact activities to prevent chipping or cracking.
Moonstone
Moonstone is a softer gemstone, scoring 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, and it requires gentle care to maintain its luster and appearance.
- Cleaning: Moonstone should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as this can damage the stone or remove the iridescent sheen.
- Storage: Store moonstone jewelry in a soft pouch or separate compartment to prevent scratches from other stones.
- Wear: Moonstone is best suited for less abrasive settings, such as pendants and earrings, and it should be avoided during high-impact activities to prevent damage.
Onyx
Onyx is a durable gemstone, scoring 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, and it is suitable for daily wear in jewelry and decorative objects.
- Cleaning: Onyx can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. It is not recommended to use steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as this can damage the stone or remove the polish.
- Storage: Store onyx jewelry in a soft pouch or separate compartment to prevent scratches from other stones.
- Wear: Onyx is suitable for daily wear, but it should be avoided during high-impact activities to prevent chipping or cracking.
Conclusion
Second birthstones offer a rich and diverse world of gemstones, each with its own unique properties, symbolism, and history. From the rare and color-changing alexandrite to the mystical and iridescent moonstone, and the durable and protective onyx, these stones add depth and meaning to the tradition of birthstones.
Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, these second birthstones provide a fascinating insight into the world of precious stones. Their historical significance, geological properties, and spiritual symbolism make them valuable additions to any jewelry collection or personal practice.
By understanding the origins, properties, and meanings of these gemstones, we can appreciate their beauty and significance in a deeper and more meaningful way.