August, the eighth month of the year, is named after the Roman Emperor Augustus and is associated with a rich tapestry of symbolism and tradition. Among its most notable features is its array of birthstones—three distinct gems that collectively represent the month. These are peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While each gemstone carries its own unique charm and history, they all contribute to the legacy and allure of August as a month steeped in natural beauty and cultural significance.
This article provides a detailed exploration of the August birthstones, focusing on their historical roots, geological properties, cultural symbolism, and care instructions. By examining the available sources, we will uncover how these stones have been cherished through the ages and why they remain popular choices for jewelry and personal adornment today.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months is an ancient practice that has evolved over centuries. While the origins of birthstones can be traced back to biblical references, the modern concept of birthstone associations was formalized in the early 20th century. According to the sources, August is unique in having not one, but three birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx.
Sardonyx: The Ancient August Birthstone
Sardonyx is the oldest of the August birthstones and has been associated with the month for over 4,000 years. This banded gemstone, which is a type of chalcedony, was highly valued in ancient civilizations for its durability and symbolic power. The Greeks and Romans used sardonyx for amulets, cameos, and seals, believing it brought strength, courage, and protection. In battle, warriors wore sardonyx as a talisman, and it was also thought to enhance communication and leadership qualities.
Onyx: The Traditional August Birthstone
Onyx, a form of quartz characterized by its parallel bands of color, was historically recognized as the "ancient" August birthstone. Though not as commonly associated with August today, onyx has long been revered for its grounding and protective properties. The Romans used onyx for signet rings and decorative objects, and it was believed to offer emotional stability and clarity of thought.
Peridot: The Modern August Birthstone
Peridot, the most widely recognized of the three August birthstones, was officially designated as the month's primary gemstone in 1912. Known for its vibrant green hue, peridot has a long and fascinating history. The ancient Egyptians called it the "gem of the Sun" and believed it brought good fortune and protection. Peridot was also used in the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, where it was mistakenly identified as emerald.
Spinel: The 2016 Addition to August’s Birthstone Lineup
Spinel, a gemstone that has often been confused with ruby and sapphire due to its similar color and brilliance, was officially added to the list of August birthstones in 2016. This relatively recent recognition reflects the growing appreciation for spinel as a unique and versatile gemstone. The addition of spinel provides August-born individuals with a broader range of options for jewelry, particularly for those seeking a vibrant red or blue gemstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological formation and availability of August’s birthstones vary, but all three are found in diverse locations around the world. Understanding how these gems are formed and where they are mined provides insight into their rarity and beauty.
Peridot
Peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, and it forms deep within the Earth's mantle under extreme heat and pressure. Volcanic activity is often responsible for bringing peridot to the surface, where it can be found in lava flows and meteorites. This extraterrestrial origin adds a special allure to the gem, making it one of the few gemstones that can be traced to outer space.
The most significant sources of peridot are in Arizona, where it is found in ancient lava fields. Other notable locations include Myanmar, China, and the United States. Peridot is relatively common, though high-quality stones with vivid green tones are rarer.
Spinel
Spinel is a silicate mineral that forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is found in a range of colors, but the most valuable and sought-after varieties are red and blue. Spinel is often confused with ruby and sapphire due to its similar color and brilliance, but it has a distinct chemical composition and crystal structure.
High-quality spinel is found in regions such as Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. While it is less commonly known than other gemstones, its beauty and affordability have led to a growing appreciation in the jewelry market.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline quartz that forms in sedimentary rocks. It is characterized by its alternating bands of reddish-brown and white, and it is known for its durability and affordability. The stone has been mined for centuries in regions such as India, Brazil, and the United States.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of August's birthstones is essential for both gemologists and jewelry buyers. These properties determine the stone's durability, appearance, and suitability for different types of jewelry.
Peridot
Peridot is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Its green color is caused by the presence of iron in its chemical composition (Fe₂SiO₄). Peridot is known for its transparency and brilliance, and it is often cut into round, oval, or emerald shapes to showcase its color and clarity.
Peridot is also notable for its refractive index, which ranges between 1.65 and 1.69. This gives it a moderate level of dispersion, or "fire," which enhances its visual appeal. However, peridot is sensitive to heat and should be cleaned carefully to avoid damage.
Spinel
Spinel is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for daily wear. It has a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.718, which gives it a bright, glassy luster. Spinel is known for its excellent clarity and can be found in a wide range of colors, from deep red to vibrant blue.
One of the key differences between spinel and ruby or sapphire is its chemical composition. Spinel is a magnesium aluminum silicate, whereas ruby is a corundum with trace chromium. This distinction is important for gemologists and collectors who are evaluating the authenticity of a red or blue gemstone.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it suitable for a variety of jewelry pieces, including rings, bracelets, and pendants. It is a translucent to opaque stone with a waxy luster and is often carved into cameos or used as a cabochon to highlight its banded patterns.
Sardonyx is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and is known for its durability and resistance to wear. Its banded appearance is caused by the alternating layers of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a white chalcedony).
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of August's birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs, which have been passed down through generations. These meanings often reflect the stone's natural properties and historical significance.
Peridot
Peridot is associated with abundance, protection, and positivity. It is believed to promote clear thinking, inspire calmness, and foster good relationships. In ancient times, peridot was thought to ward off nightmares and was often used in amulets for protection. The gemstone's connection to the sun and light has also led to its use in rituals for renewal and enlightenment.
Spinel
Spinel is believed to enhance emotional balance and provide a sense of stability. It is often associated with passion, vitality, and courage. In metaphysical circles, spinel is used to open the heart chakra and encourage self-love and compassion. It is also thought to bring good luck and attract positive energy.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a stone of strength, courage, and protection. It is believed to enhance communication skills and promote leadership qualities. In ancient times, warriors wore sardonyx for protection in battle, and it was also used in ceremonial rings and seals. Today, it is still used in jewelry to symbolize resilience and determination.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of August's birthstones. Each gemstone has its own specific requirements based on its hardness and chemical composition.
Peridot
Peridot is a relatively soft gemstone and should be handled with care. It is sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to steam or ultrasonic cleaners. A gentle cleaning with warm water and a soft cloth is recommended. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials that could scratch the surface of the stone.
Spinel
Spinel is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm water and a mild detergent. It is suitable for steam cleaning and ultrasonic cleaners, but care should be taken to avoid prolonged exposure to heat or direct sunlight, which can cause the color to fade.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a durable stone that can be cleaned with warm water and a mild detergent. It is suitable for steam cleaning and ultrasonic cleaners, but it should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials. Due to its banded appearance, sardonyx should be handled gently to avoid chipping or cracking.
Conclusion
August's birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each have a unique history, beauty, and symbolism that make them special in their own right. From the vibrant green of peridot to the fiery red of spinel and the bold banded patterns of sardonyx, these gems reflect the diversity and richness of the natural world. Whether worn as a piece of jewelry or cherished as a meaningful stone, August's birthstones continue to captivate and inspire those who are drawn to their timeless allure.
Understanding the history, properties, and care of these gemstones allows for a deeper appreciation of their significance and ensures that they can be enjoyed for generations to come.