July’s birthstone, ruby, is widely regarded as one of the most captivating and valuable gemstones in the world. Known for its intense red color and rich historical associations, ruby has long been cherished across cultures for its symbolic and practical significance. As the July birthstone, ruby is celebrated not only for its physical beauty but also for its deep-rooted connections to love, power, and vitality.
This article delves into the fascinating world of the ruby, examining its geological properties, historical significance, cultural symbolism, and practical care requirements. Drawing from a variety of authoritative sources, it explores the ruby’s journey from ancient treasuries to modern jewelry collections, offering insights for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology alike.
History and Lore
The ruby has held a place of reverence in human history for centuries. Ancient civilizations, including the Greeks, Romans, and Indians, regarded ruby as a symbol of power, nobility, and spiritual strength. In Sanskrit, ruby is known as ratnaraj, meaning "king of precious stones," a title that reflects its esteemed status in both cultural and economic contexts.
In ancient India, ruby was believed to possess mystical properties that could enhance one’s vitality and bring prosperity. Hindu traditions often involved offering rubies to deities such as Krishna, with the belief that such offerings could lead to a life of royal fortune. This association with divinity and royalty continued to shape the ruby’s image throughout the centuries.
Medieval European cultures also held the ruby in high esteem. It was often seen as a stone of protection and good fortune. Some believed that rubies could predict misfortune or danger, a notion that led to their inclusion in royal and noble adornments. Additionally, the ruby was thought to promote health and wisdom, as well as success in matters of love.
In Burmese culture, ruby held even more powerful connotations. Burmese warriors were known to wear rubies in battle, believing that the stone granted them invincibility. This belief was not unfounded—given ruby’s exceptional hardness and durability, it symbolized strength and endurance.
The ruby’s journey as a birthstone has evolved over time. While it is most commonly associated with July, other systems of birthstone assignment have also recognized its importance. For instance, ruby is also considered a guardian angel birthstone and a July birthstone in the special apostle list. Additionally, it is linked to the zodiac sign of Leo, further reinforcing its connection to power, passion, and leadership.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed primarily of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The deep red color of ruby is due to the presence of trace amounts of the element chromium. The more chromium present in the crystal structure, the stronger the red color. The finest rubies exhibit a deep red with a hint of purple, a color known in the trade as “pigeon’s blood.”
Corundum, in general, is formed under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s crust. Over millions of years, these conditions allow for the crystallization of aluminum oxide. When chromium is present in the environment during this process, ruby is formed. The presence of other elements, such as iron or titanium, can also influence the color and clarity of the ruby.
The most renowned sources of ruby are located in Southeast Asia, particularly in Myanmar (formerly Burma), which has long been recognized as the premier source of high-quality rubies. The Mogok region in Myanmar is especially famous for producing rubies with the coveted “pigeon’s blood” color. Other notable ruby sources include Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. Each of these locations produces rubies with distinct characteristics, influenced by their geological conditions.
Despite its widespread appeal, ruby is considered a rare gemstone. Its scarcity, combined with the difficulty of extracting it from the Earth, contributes to its high value in the gemstone market. The rarity of ruby is further emphasized by the fact that only a small percentage of corundum crystals develop the deep red color necessary to be classified as ruby.
Gemological Properties
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. This high hardness makes ruby exceptionally durable and suitable for use in a wide range of jewelry, including engagement rings and daily wear pieces. However, like all corundum, ruby can have inclusions—internal or surface-reaching flaws that can affect its clarity and appearance.
The color of ruby is one of its most defining characteristics. The ideal ruby color is a deep red with a slight purplish undertone, known as “pigeon’s blood.” This color is highly prized and commands premium prices in the gemstone market. Other ruby colors, such as pinkish red or orangish red, are also available but are generally less valuable.
Ruby’s refractive index, which measures how light bends as it passes through the stone, is between 1.76 and 1.78. This, combined with its strong pleochroism (the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles), contributes to its brilliance and fire. High-quality rubies are often cut in a way that maximizes their color and sparkle, with popular cuts including the emerald cut, round brilliant, and cushion cut.
The size of a ruby can also impact its value. While larger rubies are rare, the most valuable specimens are not necessarily the largest. Instead, the finest rubies are those that exhibit exceptional color, clarity, and cut. A ruby weighing just one carat with the perfect “pigeon’s blood” color can be worth more than a larger ruby with a less desirable hue or clarity.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, ruby has been associated with a wide range of symbolic and metaphysical meanings. In many cultures, it is seen as a stone of passion, vitality, and courage. Its deep red color is often linked to the life force and the heart, making it a popular choice for jewelry that is meant to convey love and commitment.
In ancient times, ruby was believed to have protective and healing properties. Some cultures believed that rubies could predict danger or misfortune, acting as a talisman for those who wore them. Others believed that rubies could cure inflammatory diseases and soothe anger, making them valuable in both spiritual and medicinal contexts.
Ruby is also associated with success in love and relationships. Medieval Europeans believed that rubies could enhance one’s romantic fortune, making them a popular choice for engagement rings and wedding jewelry. In India, ruby is still considered a powerful stone for attracting love and ensuring a prosperous union.
In addition to its romantic symbolism, ruby is also associated with power, leadership, and ambition. Its connection to royalty and nobility has made it a symbol of strength and authority. This makes it an appropriate birthstone for those born in July, who are often described as bold, passionate, and driven.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its high hardness and durability, ruby is relatively easy to care for. However, like all gemstones, it requires proper handling and cleaning to maintain its beauty and longevity.
Ruby can be cleaned using a soft cloth and mild soap and water. A soft-bristled brush can be used to gently remove dirt and debris from the gemstone’s surface. It is important to avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the stone or its setting.
When storing ruby jewelry, it is best to keep it in a soft pouch or a jewelry box with compartments to prevent scratches. Storing ruby away from harder gemstones, such as diamonds, can help prevent any potential damage.
While ruby is resistant to scratches, it can still be vulnerable to certain types of wear. For example, if a ruby has surface-reaching inclusions or fractures, it should be handled with extra care to avoid causing further damage. Additionally, ruby should be inspected regularly for signs of wear or loosening in its setting.
When it comes to professional cleaning, it is advisable to consult a qualified jeweler. They can provide specialized cleaning services and ensure that the ruby and its setting remain in optimal condition.
Conclusion
The ruby, as the July birthstone, is a gemstone of exceptional beauty, rarity, and historical significance. Its deep red color, symbolic associations, and geological properties make it one of the most cherished gemstones in the world. From its ancient roots as a symbol of power and vitality to its modern role in jewelry and adornment, the ruby continues to captivate and inspire.
Whether chosen for its romantic symbolism, its protective qualities, or simply its stunning appearance, the ruby is a gemstone that holds a special place in the hearts of many. For those born in July, it is a birthstone that reflects their boldness, passion, and strength. For gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers, it is a timeless treasure that represents the best of nature’s artistry.