December, the final month of the year, is symbolically rich and culturally significant. It is associated with the Winter Solstice, Christmas, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, and New Year’s Eve—each marking a celebration of change, renewal, and togetherness. The month of December also holds a special place in the world of gemstones, as it is uniquely distinguished by having three official birthstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon, with blue zircon being particularly emphasized.
This triad of gemstones reflects the evolving history of birthstone lists, which have transformed over time to include more options and reflect the changing preferences and discoveries in gemology. From ancient ruby to modern turquoise and zircon, the December birthstone tradition tells a story of cultural evolution and the enduring fascination with the symbolic and aesthetic power of gemstones.
In this article, we will explore the December birthstones in detail—covering their geological properties, historical significance, cultural symbolism, and practical care. By the end, you will have a comprehensive understanding of why these gems are cherished not only as birthstones but also as meaningful and beautiful additions to jewelry collections.
Historical & Cultural Significance of December Birthstones
The concept of birthstones has ancient roots, with early versions of the tradition often linked to religious texts and cultural practices. The earliest known lists of birthstones date back to the Biblical Book of Exodus, which describes the breastplate of Aaron, a high priest, adorned with twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. In these early lists, ruby was assigned to December.
However, the modern concept of birthstones as we know it today began to take shape in the 19th century. One of the earliest documented references to December’s birthstone comes from Tiffany & Co.’s "Gregorian Birthstone Poems" pamphlet in 1870, which listed turquoise as the December birthstone. This marked the beginning of a more secular and commercialized approach to birthstones, where gemstones were associated with each month of the year for their aesthetic and symbolic value rather than religious significance.
In 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now known as the Jewellers of America) updated the list, confirming turquoise as the primary December birthstone and adding lapis lazuli as an alternative. This decision reflected the growing popularity of turquoise in jewelry design and its widespread use in fashion and accessories.
In 1952, the Jewelry Industry Council of America added zircon to the list, recognizing its increasing prominence in the market. Zircon, particularly blue zircon, was gaining popularity due to its vibrant color and affordability.
Finally, in 2002, tanzanite was added as a December birthstone. This was a significant addition because tanzanite is a relatively modern gemstone, having been discovered in Tanzania in 1967. The inclusion of tanzanite highlights how the birthstone tradition continues to evolve in response to new discoveries and changing consumer preferences.
The multiplicity of December birthstones reflects the dynamic nature of the gemstone industry and the cultural significance of these gems. While ruby, lapis lazuli, and turquoise have ancient roots, the addition of tanzanite and zircon demonstrates how the December birthstone tradition is not static but rather a living tradition that adapts to new discoveries and trends.
The December Birthstones: Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Zircon
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is one of the most unique and captivating gemstones in the December birthstone list. Discovered in 1967 in Tanzania, it is a relatively modern gemstone that quickly became popular due to its striking blue-violet color. The name "tanzanite" is derived from Tanzania, the only country where this gemstone is found.
Tanzanite is a trigonal mineral and a variety of columbite-tantalite, a group of minerals that includes tantalum and niobium. Its color is due to the presence of chromium and vanadium, which give it its distinctive velvety blue to purple hues. The gemstone is known for its pleochroism, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles—typically blue, violet, and brown. This characteristic makes it a fascinating gemstone to study and admire.
Tanzanite is associated with healing, protection, and self-transformation. Some metaphysical beliefs suggest that it can activate the throat, third-eye, and crown chakras, helping the wearer to tap into their psychic abilities and communicate with higher dimensions. In this sense, tanzanite is not just a beautiful gemstone but also a symbol of spiritual growth and exploration.
From a practical standpoint, tanzanite has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 6.5, which makes it relatively soft and prone to scratches and damage if not handled carefully. It also has a perfect cleavage, which means it can be easily split along certain planes if struck with force. Therefore, it is best suited for jewelry that is not worn daily, such as statement rings or pendants that can be protected from impact and abrasion.
Despite its relative softness, tanzanite is highly valuable and sought after due to its rarity and beauty. It is considered a semi-precious gemstone, and its value is influenced by factors such as color intensity, clarity, and cut. The deepest blue and violet hues with high transparency are the most desirable and expensive.
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the oldest and most culturally significant gemstones in the December birthstone list. This semi-translucent to opaque gemstone ranges in color from blue to green, often with veins of matrix—the remnants of the rock in which it formed. The blue-green color of turquoise is due to the presence of copper and aluminum, while the greenish tones are attributed to iron.
Turquoise has been cherished for millennia, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt, where it was adorned by pharaohs and other rulers. Chinese artisans also carved turquoise over 3,000 years ago, using it in ornamental and ceremonial objects. In the Americas, turquoise was particularly important to Native American cultures, where it was used in jewelry, amulets, and religious objects. The Southwestern United States is especially known for its high-quality turquoise, which has been mined for centuries.
Historically, turquoise was believed to possess numerous beneficial properties, including good fortune, health, and protection. In the 13th century, it was believed that turquoise could protect the wearer from falling, especially off horses, and would break into pieces at the approach of disaster. In Hindu mysticism, it was thought that seeing turquoise after the new moon would ensure great wealth.
From a geological perspective, turquoise is a phosphate mineral with the chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O. It forms in arid environments, typically in the weathering zones of copper deposits. The presence of copper gives it its blue color, while iron imparts greenish tones. The matrix—the rock veins that run through the gemstone—adds to its natural beauty and uniqueness.
Turquoise is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it prone to scratches and damage. It is also porous and sensitive to moisture, heat, and chemicals, which means it requires special care to maintain its luster and integrity. It is best suited for jewelry that is not worn daily, such as pocket watches, pendants, or earrings, where it is less likely to be exposed to impact or abrasion.
Despite its delicate nature, turquoise remains a highly valued gemstone due to its rich history, cultural significance, and beautiful color. It is often enhanced through treatments such as stabilization, dyeing, and waxing to improve its durability and color intensity. These treatments make turquoise more suitable for everyday wear, but they can also affect its value and authenticity.
Zircon
Zircon, particularly blue zircon, is the third official birthstone for December. This gemstone has a long and fascinating history, with ancient civilizations using it for ornamental and decorative purposes. The name "zircon" is derived from the Arabic word "zir", meaning "gold color", a reference to the golden yellow color of some zircon varieties.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral with the chemical formula ZrSiO4. It occurs in a wide range of colors, including brown, yellow, red, green, and blue, depending on the presence of trace elements and the way the gemstone is heated. Blue zircon is particularly popular as a December birthstone, as it displays a vibrant blue color that is often mistaken for blue topaz or aquamarine.
The blue color of zircon is due to natural irradiation and heat treatment, which alter the crystal structure and produce the intense blue hue. This process is not artificial in the same way as color enhancement in other gemstones, but it does require specific conditions to achieve the desired color. As a result, blue zircon is considered a naturally occurring gemstone, albeit one that has been treated to enhance its color.
Zircon has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7.5, making it relatively durable compared to turquoise and tanzanite. However, it does have a cleavage, meaning it can be easily split along certain planes if struck with force. This makes it less suitable for everyday wear, but perfect for statement pieces such as pendants, earrings, and brooches.
Zircon has a high refractive index and dispersion, meaning it sparkles and displays fire similar to diamonds. This makes it a popular choice for jewelry that requires visual impact, such as engagement rings and cocktail rings. However, due to its cleavage and sensitivity to heat, it is not recommended for use in settings that are prone to impact or abrasion.
Historically, zircon has been associated with wisdom, clarity, and spiritual growth. It was believed to enhance memory and promote mental clarity, making it a popular gemstone among scholars and philosophers. In modern times, zircon is often used as an affordable alternative to diamonds, especially in blue zircon, which can mimic the sparkle and brilliance of a blue diamond at a fraction of the cost.
Additional December Birthstone Options
While tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon are the official December birthstones, there are several other gemstones that are also associated with the month. These include:
- Lapis lazuli: A deep blue metamorphic rock that has been used for jewelry, amulets, and decorative objects since ancient times. It is associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight.
- Blue topaz: A silicate mineral that is often treated to produce its vibrant blue color. It is associated with love, affection, and emotional balance.
- Aquamarine: A beryl mineral that is closely related to blue topaz in color and appearance. It is associated with calmness, courage, and protection.
- Sapphire: A corundum mineral that is associated with loyalty, wisdom, and nobility. It is sometimes used as an alternative December birthstone, especially in European traditions.
These additional gemstones provide a broader range of options for those seeking a December birthstone. While they are not officially recognized in the modern birthstone list, they are often used in jewelry and fashion to represent the month.
The Significance of the December Birthstones
The December birthstones are more than just beautiful gems; they represent the changing seasons, the passage of time, and the enduring human fascination with the natural world. Each gemstone has its own unique properties, history, and symbolism, making them rich in meaning and significance.
For those born in December, these birthstones offer a way to connect with the month of their birth, whether through jewelry, amulets, or personal adornment. They also provide a means of self-expression and identity, as each gemstone has its own distinct character and energy.
In modern times, the December birthstones continue to evolve and adapt to changing tastes and trends. The inclusion of tanzanite and zircon in the modern birthstone list reflects the growing popularity of these gems and their unique appeal. At the same time, the continued use of turquoise and lapis lazuli highlights the enduring value of traditional gemstones and their deep cultural roots.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon—represent a rich and diverse tradition that spans thousands of years. From their ancient origins in Egypt and China to their modern discovery in Tanzania and the United States, these gemstones have captivated people with their beauty, symbolism, and significance.
Each gemstone has its own unique properties, history, and meaning, making them ideal for personal adornment and meaningful gifts. Whether you are drawn to the vibrant blue of tanzanite, the classic elegance of turquoise, or the sparkling brilliance of zircon, there is a December birthstone to suit every taste and occasion.
As we continue to celebrate the changing seasons and the holidays of December, these birthstones serve as a reminder of the beauty and richness of the natural world. They also remind us of the enduring human desire to connect with the past, the present, and the future through the timeless allure of gemstones.