December, the final month of the year, is uniquely blessed with multiple birthstones, each carrying its own distinct charm, history, and symbolism. From the deep, regal hues of lapis lazuli to the vibrant blues of turquoise, the fiery brilliance of zircon, the ethereal beauty of tanzanite, and the elegant simplicity of blue topaz, these gemstones offer a rich tapestry of options for those born during this frosty yet festive time.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the December birthstones, focusing on their gemological properties, historical significance, cultural lore, and care instructions. Drawing from expert sources in gemology and historical records, the following sections will explore the origins, meanings, and modern relevance of these stones, helping readers appreciate their significance beyond aesthetics.
History and Lore
The concept of birthstones is ancient, with roots in religious and cultural traditions. The earliest known references to birthstones appear in the biblical Book of Exodus, which lists twelve gemstones adorning the High Priest’s breastplate, each representing a tribe of Israel. However, the association of these stones with specific months came much later, with the modern birthstone list evolving over centuries.
December’s gemstone history is particularly dynamic, with its list changing multiple times. The earliest known December birthstone, according to the 1870s “Gregorian Birthstone Poems” pamphlet by Tiffany & Co., was turquoise. By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) recognized turquoise as the primary December stone and added lapis lazuli as an alternative. In 1952, zircon was added to the list by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, and in 2002, tanzanite was officially recognized as a December birthstone.
This evolution reflects the changing tastes and discoveries in the gemstone world, with each addition bringing new colors, meanings, and uses. Today, December is one of only two months with multiple birthstones, a distinction that allows for a broader range of aesthetic and symbolic choices.
Cultural Significance
Each December birthstone has its own cultural and symbolic associations. Turquoise, for instance, has been revered for millennia across various civilizations. In ancient Egypt, it was used in amulets and jewelry, believed to bring protection and prosperity. Pharaohs and other high-ranking individuals wore turquoise to symbolize their connection to the divine.
In Mesoamerican cultures, turquoise was considered a sacred stone, often used in ceremonial objects. The Aztecs associated it with deities and believed it could bring good fortune and health. Similarly, in China, turquoise was carved into intricate pieces more than 3,000 years ago, with artisans crafting it into pendants and ornaments for royalty.
Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color and flecks of gold, was another gemstone of great importance in the ancient world. It was prized by the Egyptians, who used it in cosmetics and jewelry. Cleopatra, in particular, was known to grind lapis lazuli into powder to create makeup, believing it to enhance her beauty and connect her to the divine.
Zircon, especially blue zircon, has a long history in gemology. Known for its brilliant fire and refractive properties, zircon was once mistaken for diamond or cubic zirconia due to its dazzling appearance. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years, making it a symbol of endurance and timelessness.
Tanzanite, the most recent addition to the December birthstone list, is unique in that it is found only in one location on Earth: near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Discovered in 1967, tanzanite quickly became a favorite among gemstone collectors and jewelry designers due to its striking blue to violet hues and its rarity.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of each December birthstone provides insight into their rarity, durability, and value.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, formed in the oxidation zones of copper deposits. It is typically found in arid regions where copper-rich rocks are exposed to oxygen and water. Major sources include the American Southwest (particularly in Arizona and New Mexico), Iran (known as “Persian turquoise”), Egypt, China, and Russia.
The color of turquoise varies depending on the mineral content and impurities present. The most prized turquoise is a deep blue with a uniform color and minimal matrix (the web-like patterns of surrounding rock). Turquoise with a greenish tint is often due to the presence of iron, while a more blue color indicates higher copper content.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed mainly of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminum silicate. It is often found with other minerals such as pyrite, calcite, and diopside, which contribute to its characteristic blue and gold coloration.
The most famous source of lapis lazuli is the Kafiristan region in Afghanistan, which has been producing high-quality lapis for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Chile, and the United States. Lapis lazuli is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for carved pieces but requiring careful handling.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral that occurs in a wide range of colors, including blue, yellow, red, and green. Blue zircon, the most common variety used in jewelry, is created through irradiation and heat treatment, which enhances its color and clarity.
Zircon is found in various parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Australia, and Brazil. It is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which give it a fire and brilliance similar to diamond. With a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, zircon is durable enough for everyday wear in jewelry.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a blue to violet variety of the mineral zoisite, found exclusively in the Merelani Hills near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Discovered in 1967, tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone but has quickly become a favorite due to its vibrant color and rarity.
The blue color of tanzanite is due to trace amounts of vanadium, and the gemstone is typically heat-treated to enhance its color. Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale and is relatively easy to care for, making it a practical choice for jewelry.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a color-treated form of topaz, which is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. Natural blue topaz is extremely rare, so most blue topaz used in jewelry is created through irradiation and heat treatment.
Topaz is found in various locations around the world, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States. It is known for its clarity and brilliance, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable and versatile gemstone for everyday use.
Gemological Properties
To appreciate the December birthstones fully, it's essential to understand their gemological properties, including hardness, color, clarity, and refractive index.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Refractive Index | Transparency | Composition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | 1.61–1.64 | Opaque | Hydrated phosphate of aluminum & copper |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue with flecks of gold | 5–6 | 1.5–1.7 | Opaque | Sodium calcium aluminum silicate |
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, red, green | 6–7.5 | 1.92–2.00 | Transparent to translucent | Silicate mineral |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | 1.69–1.70 | Transparent | Calcium aluminum silicate |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | 1.62–1.64 | Transparent | Aluminum fluorosilicate |
These properties influence the way each gemstone is used in jewelry and how it is cared for. For example, turquoise and lapis lazuli are best suited for pendants and carved pieces rather than rings, due to their lower hardness and opacity. In contrast, blue topaz and zircon are durable enough for everyday wear, while tanzanite is ideal for both rings and pendants.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones have long been associated with various symbolic and metaphysical properties, many of which have persisted across cultures and centuries.
Turquoise
Turquoise is often associated with protection, healing, and positive energy. In many cultures, it is believed to ward off negative influences and bring good fortune. Ancient warriors wore turquoise amulets to protect themselves in battle, believing that the stone would break at the moment of danger to warn them.
In modern metaphysical practices, turquoise is considered a stone of communication and self-expression. It is said to enhance clarity of thought and encourage honesty and truthfulness in relationships. It is also associated with calming emotions and promoting inner peace.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is one of the oldest known gemstones and has been used for its spiritual and intellectual properties. It is believed to enhance wisdom, intuition, and spiritual awareness. In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was considered a stone of the gods and was used in religious ceremonies and royal regalia.
In modern times, lapis lazuli is often used in meditation and is thought to stimulate the third eye chakra, promoting insight and understanding. It is also associated with enhancing personal power and confidence.
Zircon
Zircon is often referred to as a “stone of transformation,” as it is believed to help individuals move through change and find clarity in uncertain times. It is associated with time, endurance, and the ability to see the past, present, and future with greater understanding.
Blue zircon, in particular, is linked to emotional balance and the ability to let go of past pain. It is thought to promote a sense of peace and calm, making it a popular stone for those seeking emotional healing.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often considered a stone of compassion, intuition, and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals connect with their higher selves and deepen their understanding of their life’s purpose. It is also associated with the heart chakra, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance love, empathy, and emotional healing.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, serenity, and emotional stability. It is believed to help individuals release stress and anxiety, promoting a sense of inner peace. It is also thought to enhance creativity and inspire new ideas, making it a popular stone for artists, writers, and thinkers.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and maintenance are essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. While each gemstone has its own specific care requirements, the following general guidelines can help ensure their continued brilliance.
Turquoise
Turquoise is relatively soft and sensitive to heat, so it should be kept away from direct sunlight and high temperatures. It is also porous and can absorb oils and chemicals, so it should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause damage.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is also soft and should be handled with care. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and water, but harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners should be avoided. As with turquoise, lapis lazuli should not be exposed to heat or prolonged sunlight.
Zircon
Zircon is more durable than turquoise and lapis lazuli, but it should still be protected from scratches and impacts. It can be cleaned with warm water and a soft cloth or with an ultrasonic cleaner, but steam cleaning should be avoided.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively easy to care for and can be cleaned with warm water and a soft cloth or with an ultrasonic cleaner. It should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the most durable December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It can be cleaned with warm water, a soft cloth, or an ultrasonic cleaner. It is also resistant to heat and can be worn in most environments without damage.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique beauty, history, and symbolism. From the deep blue of turquoise and lapis lazuli to the fiery brilliance of zircon and the ethereal hues of tanzanite, these stones represent the changing seasons and the enduring connection between humanity and the Earth’s treasures.
Whether chosen for their color, meaning, or rarity, December birthstones continue to captivate and inspire. As both historical artifacts and modern jewelry pieces, they serve as a bridge between the past and present, carrying with them the wisdom of ancient civilizations and the creativity of contemporary design. For those born in December, these gemstones are not just ornaments—they are symbols of identity, history, and the natural world.