July, a month marked by warmth and vibrant energy, is represented by a selection of gemstones that reflect its dynamic character. Among these, ruby stands as the most prominent July birthstone, revered for its deep red hue and its association with passion, vitality, and protection. Alongside ruby, July is also connected with secondary gemstones such as onyx, sardonyx, and turquoise, each bringing its own unique symbolism and properties. These stones have been cherished for centuries across various cultures, and their meanings have evolved alongside their geological and spiritual significance.
This article delves into the rich history, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and practical care of July’s birthstones. It explores how ruby became the primary July birthstone, the historical journey of onyx as an alternative, and the lesser-known yet meaningful presence of sardonyx and turquoise. Through a synthesis of scientific data and cultural lore, this piece offers a comprehensive overview of the gemstones that define the month of July.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient civilizations, where gemstones were believed to hold protective and spiritual powers. In the case of July, ruby has long been regarded as the month’s most significant gemstone. The name “ruby” comes from the Latin word ruber, meaning red, which aptly describes the deep crimson to purplish-red coloration of the finest specimens. The most prized ruby color is known as “pigeon’s blood,” a term used to describe a vivid red hue with a slight purplish overtone. This color is largely due to the presence of the element chromium, which imparts the intense red tone to the gemstone.
Historically, ruby was highly valued in various cultures, including those in India, China, and the Middle East. In ancient times, rubies were believed to bring good fortune, ward off evil, and promote love and passion. The Mogok region in Myanmar has been one of the most significant sources of high-quality rubies for centuries. For over five hundred years, this area has produced some of the finest and most sought-after rubies in the world. In the 20th century, other ruby-producing regions such as Vietnam, Mozambique, and Tajikistan emerged as important sources of this precious stone.
While ruby is the dominant July birthstone in many modern traditions, onyx has historically held a place of significance. Onyx, a type of banded chalcedony, has been associated with July for centuries. Its use as a birthstone can be traced back to the 15th century, when it was widely recognized in Jewish, Roman, and European traditions. Onyx was believed to offer protection, enhance courage, and promote emotional balance. However, in 1912, the National Association of Jewelers (now known as Jewelers of America) officially designated ruby as the primary July birthstone in the United States, shifting onyx to the status of an alternative or secondary gemstone.
In addition to ruby and onyx, sardonyx and turquoise have also been recognized as July birthstones in certain traditions. Sardonyx, a banded variety of onyx with white and reddish bands, was used as a zodiac stone for Leo and is believed to foster bravery and confidence. Turquoise, known for its distinctive blue-green color, has also been associated with July in some cultures, although it is more commonly recognized as a December birthstone. These secondary stones enrich the July birthstone tradition, offering additional symbolic meanings and aesthetic choices for those born in the month.
Geological Formation and Sources
Rubies, like sapphires, are a type of corundum, a mineral composed primarily of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). What distinguishes ruby from sapphire is the presence of chromium, which imparts its characteristic red color. The intensity of the red hue depends on the concentration of chromium and other trace elements within the gemstone. The finest rubies exhibit a deep red with a slight purplish undertone, often referred to as “pigeon’s blood.”
Rubies are formed deep within the Earth's crust under high pressure and temperature conditions. They typically crystallize in metamorphic rock, particularly in rocks that have undergone regional metamorphism, such as those found in mountainous regions. The presence of ruby in a particular area is often linked to geological activity, including the movement of tectonic plates and the presence of mineral-rich fluids.
The most historically significant ruby deposits are found in the Mogok region of Myanmar. This area has been a major source of high-quality rubies for centuries, and its stones are known for their rich color and clarity. In addition to Myanmar, other notable ruby-producing countries include Vietnam, Mozambique, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, and Madagascar. Each of these regions produces rubies with slightly different color tones and characteristics, influenced by the specific geological conditions in which they form.
Onyx, another July birthstone, is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and is known for its smooth texture and banding patterns. Onyx is typically found in sedimentary and volcanic rocks, where it forms in cavities and fissures over long periods. The most common varieties of onyx include black onyx, white onyx, and sardonyx, the latter of which features alternating bands of white and reddish-brown. Onyx is mined in various parts of the world, including India, Brazil, Mexico, and the United States.
Sardonyx, a subvariety of onyx, is composed of white chalcedony and sard, a reddish-brown form of carnelian. It is known for its striking banded appearance and has been used in jewelry and ornamental objects for centuries. Sardonyx is found in regions with volcanic rock formations and is often associated with areas that have experienced significant geological activity.
Turquoise, another secondary July birthstone, is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It is a relatively soft gemstone, typically ranging from 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale of hardness. Turquoise is formed in the oxidized zone of copper deposits, where water percolates through the rock and reacts with the minerals to create the characteristic blue-green color. It is often found in arid regions where the conditions are favorable for its formation. Major sources of turquoise include the United States, China, Iran, and Egypt.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of July’s birthstones are diverse, reflecting the unique characteristics of each stone. Ruby, the primary July birthstone, is a corundum gemstone with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest and most durable colored gemstones. Its refractive index ranges from 1.76 to 1.78, and its specific gravity is approximately 4.00. The most valuable rubies are those with a deep red to purplish-red color and minimal inclusions. The finest rubies are typically found in the Mogok region of Myanmar and are known for their exceptional color and clarity.
Onyx, a form of chalcedony, has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is composed of silicon dioxide and is known for its smooth texture and banded appearance. Onyx is often found in white or black varieties, with sardonyx being a notable banded form that features alternating white and reddish-brown bands. The refractive index of onyx is around 1.48 to 1.53, and its specific gravity ranges from 2.60 to 2.64. Onyx is commonly used in jewelry and ornamental objects due to its durability and ability to take a high polish.
Sardonyx, a subvariety of onyx, has similar gemological properties to onyx, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7. It is composed of white chalcedony and sard, a reddish-brown form of carnelian. The refractive index of sardonyx is approximately 1.48 to 1.53, and its specific gravity is around 2.60 to 2.64. Sardonyx is often used in jewelry for its striking banded appearance and its ability to be carved into intricate designs.
Turquoise, a secondary July birthstone, has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. It is composed of copper and aluminum phosphates and is known for its distinctive blue-green color. The refractive index of turquoise is approximately 1.61 to 1.65, and its specific gravity ranges from 2.76 to 2.85. Turquoise is often found in arid regions and is valued for its unique color and historical significance in various cultures.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical properties associated with July’s birthstones have been cherished across cultures and eras. Ruby, the primary July birthstone, has long been regarded as a symbol of love, passion, and vitality. In ancient times, rubies were believed to possess protective and healing properties. They were worn as talismans to ward off evil spirits and to bring good fortune and courage to the wearer. In medieval Europe, rubies were often used in royal regalia and were considered a sign of nobility and power.
Onyx, another July birthstone, has been associated with strength, balance, and protection. In ancient Rome, onyx was used in signet rings and was believed to offer protection in battle. It was also thought to bring courage and confidence to the wearer, making it a popular stone among warriors and leaders. In some cultures, onyx was used to absorb negative energy and to promote emotional stability. It was often worn as a protective stone during times of stress or uncertainty.
Sardonyx, a banded variety of onyx, has been linked to bravery and confidence. In ancient times, sardonyx was used as a zodiac stone for Leo and was believed to enhance leadership qualities and self-assurance. It was also thought to protect against danger and to promote a sense of security and inner strength. Sardonyx was often used in rings and amulets, particularly by those who sought to overcome fear and develop a stronger sense of identity.
Turquoise, while not as commonly associated with July as ruby or onyx, has also been linked to spiritual and emotional healing. In many indigenous cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone and is used in rituals and ceremonies. It is believed to promote clarity of thought, emotional balance, and spiritual discernment. Turquoise is often worn as a protective stone and is associated with positive energy and good fortune.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of July’s birthstones. Ruby, being one of the hardest colored gemstones, is relatively durable and can withstand normal wear. However, it is important to avoid exposing ruby to extreme heat or sudden temperature changes, as this can cause cracking. When cleaning ruby, it is recommended to use a solution of warm water and mild soap. A soft toothbrush can be used to gently remove any buildup. Steam and ultrasonic cleaners should be used with caution, as they may affect treated or included stones.
Onyx, while durable, is slightly softer than ruby and should be handled with care. It is important to avoid exposing onyx to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can scratch or dull the surface. When cleaning onyx, a soft cloth and mild soap solution are recommended. It is also advisable to store onyx separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Sardonyx, like onyx, should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap solution. It is important to avoid exposing sardonyx to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the banded surface. When storing sardonyx, it should be kept in a soft pouch to protect it from scratches.
Turquoise, being a relatively soft gemstone, requires gentle care. It is important to avoid exposing turquoise to water, as it can cause the stone to become cloudy or lose its color. When cleaning turquoise, a soft cloth and a mild soap solution are recommended. It is also advisable to store turquoise separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and damage.
Conclusion
July’s birthstones—ruby, onyx, sardonyx, and turquoise—offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and gemological properties. Ruby, the primary July birthstone, has long been revered for its deep red color and its association with love, vitality, and protection. Onyx, with its historical significance and grounding properties, continues to be recognized as an alternative July birthstone. Sardonyx and turquoise, while less commonly associated with July, add further depth to the month’s birthstone tradition.
These gemstones not only possess unique physical and chemical characteristics but also carry cultural and spiritual significance that has been passed down through generations. Whether worn for their beauty, their symbolic meaning, or their protective properties, July’s birthstones continue to captivate and inspire. By understanding their history, properties, and care requirements, gemstone enthusiasts can appreciate these stones in a more meaningful way and ensure their longevity for future generations.