December, the final month of the year, is graced with a rich and diverse selection of birthstones. Unlike other months, December is unique in that it boasts four officially recognized birthstones, all sharing a common trait: a captivating range of blue hues. These gemstones—blue topaz, tanzanite, zircon, and turquoise—each offer a unique combination of beauty, historical significance, and symbolic meaning. While some have ancient roots, others were only officially recognized in the modern era, making December’s birthstone collection a fascinating blend of tradition and innovation.
This article explores the geological properties, historical uses, symbolic meanings, and care requirements of each of these four blue gemstones. By understanding the unique qualities of each, those born in December—or anyone seeking the perfect gemstone—can make an informed and meaningful choice.
A Historical Overview of December Birthstones
The concept of birthstones has deep historical roots, with various cultures assigning specific gemstones to each month. The modern list of birthstones, as recognized in the United States, was established in 1912 by the Jewelers of America (JA). Over time, this list has been updated to include more affordable and accessible alternatives, especially for months with particularly rare or expensive traditional stones.
December originally had lapis lazuli and turquoise as its primary birthstones. In 1912, zircon was added, and in 2002, the Jewelers of America officially included blue topaz and tanzanite to the December birthstone list. These additions reflect both a desire for more affordable options and the growing popularity of these newer gemstones in jewelry design.
Turquoise, in particular, has a long and storied history. It was used in ancient Egypt, as early as 5000 BCE, and was highly valued by the Aztecs and Native American tribes. Its blue-green hue was often associated with protection, wisdom, and spiritual clarity. Zircon, on the other hand, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with zircon crystals found in some of the oldest known rocks.
Tanzanite and blue topaz, though relatively new to the birthstone list, have quickly gained popularity due to their striking colors and affordability. Tanzanite was discovered in Tanzania in the early 1960s, and its deep blue color made it an instant favorite. Blue topaz, while naturally occurring, was not widely used until the development of irradiation techniques allowed for the enhancement of its blue color.
December Birthstones and Their Geographical Origins
Each of December’s birthstones is found in specific geographical locations, shaped by geological processes over millions of years.
1. Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral formed when copper and aluminum mix in the presence of water. It typically forms in the oxidized zones of copper deposits, often found in arid climates. Major sources of turquoise include:
- United States (especially Arizona and New Mexico)
- Nepal
- China
- Egypt
- Iran
- Mexico
Turquoise is often mined in open-pit mines, where it is extracted from the surface or just below it. It is usually found in association with other minerals such as chalcedony, calcite, and limonite, which contribute to its distinctive veining and matrix patterns.
2. Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate that occurs in many types of rock, particularly in granite and metamorphic rocks. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals found in rocks over 4 billion years old.
Major zircon-producing countries include:
- Australia
- Brazil
- India
- Madagascar
- Russia
- United States
Zircon is typically found in placer deposits and alluvial gravels, where it has been eroded from its source rocks and transported by water. The blue color of zircon is often achieved through heat treatment or irradiation, which alters the crystal structure and enhances its color.
3. Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a trigonal mineral composed of calcium aluminum silicate. It is exclusive to Tanzania, specifically the area around the Mount Kilimanjaro region, near the town of Mererani. This makes it one of the few gemstones that are geographically unique to a single country.
Discovered in 1967, tanzanite was created when zoisite was heated, causing it to undergo a transformation in color. The deep blue to violet hues of tanzanite are the result of trace amounts of vanadium in the crystal structure.
4. Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that comes in a variety of colors, including blue, yellow, pink, and red. Natural blue topaz is rare, so most blue topaz available in the market today is enhanced through irradiation and heat treatment to produce the deep blue color associated with this December birthstone.
Major sources of topaz include:
- Brazil
- Myanmar
- Nepal
- Russia
- United States
Topaz is typically found in granitic pegmatites and rhyolitic volcanic rocks. It is often mined using surface mining techniques, including quarrying and panning.
Gemological Properties of December Birthstones
Understanding the gemological properties of each December birthstone is essential for identifying, caring for, and appreciating these gems.
1. Turquoise
- Color: Ranges from blue to greenish-blue, often with matrix patterns (veins or spots of darker color).
- Hardness: 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale.
- Luster: Waxy to greasy.
- Transparency: Opaque to slightly translucent.
- Chemical Formula: CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O.
- Cleavage: None, but it is porous and easily fractured.
- Specific Gravity: 2.7 to 2.8.
2. Zircon
- Color: Blue, yellow, brown, red, green, and colorless. Blue zircon is the most popular December birthstone.
- Hardness: 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale.
- Luster: Glassy to adamantine.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Chemical Formula: ZrSiO₄.
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction, making it susceptible to chipping.
- Specific Gravity: 4.6 to 4.8.
3. Tanzanite
- Color: Deep blue to violet, depending on the light source.
- Hardness: 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
- Luster: Glassy to greasy.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Chemical Formula: Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(OH)₂·H₂O.
- Cleavage: Perfect in two directions, making it fragile and prone to damage.
- Specific Gravity: 3.1 to 3.4.
4. Blue Topaz
- Color: Blue, ranging from light blue to deep London blue.
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest December birthstones.
- Luster: Glassy.
- Transparency: Transparent.
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂.
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction, which can cause chipping if not set properly.
- Specific Gravity: 3.4 to 3.6.
| Gemstone | Color Range | Hardness | Luster | Transparency | Chemical Formula | Specific Gravity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to greenish-blue | 5–6 | Waxy | Opaque | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 2.7–2.8 |
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, red | 6.5–7.5 | Glassy | Transparent | ZrSiO₄ | 4.6–4.8 |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | Glassy | Transparent | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(OH)₂·H₂O | 3.1–3.4 |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Glassy | Transparent | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | 3.4–3.6 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs of December Birthstones
Each of December’s birthstones carries a unique set of symbolic and metaphysical meanings, reflecting the diverse cultures and traditions that have valued these gems throughout history.
1. Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, wisdom, and spiritual clarity. In ancient Egypt, it was used in amulets to ward off evil and was believed to bring health and prosperity. In Native American traditions, turquoise was seen as a bridge between the heavens and the earth, often used in rituals to connect with the divine.
Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that turquoise helps release inhibitions and enhance intuition, allowing the soul to express itself more freely. It is also said to neutralize negative energy and promote inner peace.
2. Zircon
Zircon is often linked to mental clarity, confidence, and emotional balance. In ancient times, it was believed to protect the wearer from nightmares and was used in talismans to enhance dreams. Some cultures also associated zircon with love and devotion, particularly in relationships.
Modern crystal healers use blue zircon to stimulate creativity and reduce stress, making it a popular stone for those seeking mental clarity and emotional stability.
3. Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often called the "stone of transformation". It is believed to help individuals embrace change, release old patterns, and develop emotional strength. Tanzanite is also associated with spiritual awakening, helping the wearer to connect with higher consciousness and find inner peace.
It is particularly beneficial for those who are going through major life transitions or seeking to deepen their spiritual practice.
4. Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with wisdom, calmness, and emotional healing. It is believed to help the wearer channel inner wisdom, find clarity in decision-making, and attract opportunities for success. Blue topaz is also said to have a soothing effect, helping to reduce stress and anxiety.
In ancient times, topaz was believed to have healing properties, particularly for the eyes and throat. It was also used to ward off evil spirits and negative energies.
Caring for December Birthstone Jewelry
Proper care is essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of December birthstone jewelry. Each gemstone has unique properties that require specific handling and cleaning methods.
1. Turquoise
- Avoid exposure to chemicals, including lotions, perfumes, and cleaning products.
- Store separately to prevent scratches from harder gemstones.
- Do not expose to high heat or dryness, as turquoise is porous and can crack.
- Clean gently with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners.
2. Zircon
- Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as zircon is susceptible to cleavage.
- Handle with care, as zircon can chip easily.
- Store in a soft pouch to prevent damage.
- Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap.
3. Tanzanite
- Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures, as tanzanite can lose its color when heated.
- Avoid ultrasonic and steam cleaners, which can damage the gemstone.
- Store in a soft pouch or box, away from harder stones.
- Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap.
4. Blue Topaz
- Relatively hard and durable, making it suitable for daily wear.
- Clean with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
- Avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight, as this can fade the color in untreated stones.
- Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe, but should be used with caution.
Conclusion
December is a month of celebration, reflection, and transition, and its selection of four distinct blue birthstones beautifully mirrors these themes. From the ancient turquoise of the Egyptians to the modern-day tanzanite of Tanzania, each December birthstone carries its own story, history, and symbolism.
Understanding the geological formation, gemological properties, and metaphysical meanings of each of these gems allows one to appreciate their unique beauty and significance. Whether you are drawn to the deep blue of tanzanite, the warm blue-green of turquoise, the brilliant blue of zircon, or the elegant blue of topaz, each of these gemstones offers something special.
Choosing the right birthstone for December is a personal decision, influenced by taste, meaning, and practicality. Whether you seek protection, clarity, emotional balance, or spiritual awakening, one of these blue gems is sure to resonate with you.