December is a month uniquely blessed with a rich selection of birthstones—five to be exact—offering a kaleidoscope of colors, meanings, and historical significance. Among these, the most notable include zircon, tanzanite, topaz, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. Each of these gems carries its own distinct allure and symbolism, making December one of the most vibrant and meaningful months in the birthstone calendar.
This article delves into the properties, history, and significance of these gemstones, providing a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology. It explores how these stones have evolved in cultural and spiritual contexts and how their modern relevance continues to captivate collectors and jewelers alike.
The Significance of December Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones dates back centuries, with roots in biblical and ancient cultural beliefs. The concept of assigning specific gemstones to each month has evolved over time, influenced by both historical practices and modern interpretations. For December, the selection of multiple stones reflects a broader appreciation for diversity in beauty, symbolism, and accessibility.
These gemstones are not only admired for their aesthetic qualities but also for their historical and metaphysical significance. They have been worn as protective talismans, symbols of love and friendship, and even as tools for spiritual enlightenment. In contemporary times, they continue to be valued for their beauty, rarity, and the deep personal connections people form with them.
History and Lore
Ancient and Traditional Associations
December birthstones have long been associated with ancient civilizations. Turquoise, one of the oldest known gemstones, was revered by the Egyptians, who used it in amulets and jewelry. It was also highly valued by Native American tribes, particularly for its perceived spiritual power and protective qualities.
Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color flecked with gold, was a favored gem of royalty and scholars. Used by ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians, lapis lazuli was believed to enhance wisdom, promote truth, and connect the wearer to higher consciousness. In medieval Europe, it was considered a stone of divine knowledge and was often used in religious art and royal regalia.
Zircon, particularly the blue variety, has been known since antiquity and was once mistaken for other gems such as topaz or even diamonds. It was highly valued in ancient cultures for its brilliance and fiery luster. Blue zircon is often regarded as a symbol of divine favor and was used in sacred ceremonies.
Modern Recognition and Expansion
In the 20th century, the list of December birthstones was expanded to include tanzanite and blue topaz, both of which were discovered or popularized in the 1960s and 1970s. This expansion reflects a shift toward modern appreciation for color diversity and accessibility.
Tanzanite, found exclusively in Tanzania near Mount Kilimanjaro, was officially recognized as a birthstone in the 1960s. Its deep blue to violet hues quickly made it a favorite among jewelers and collectors. It was marketed as a rare and exotic gem, adding a contemporary flair to the traditional December palette.
Blue topaz, on the other hand, is a relatively recent addition to the December birthstone lineup. Naturally occurring blue topaz is rare, and much of the blue topaz available today is enhanced through irradiation and heat treatment. Despite this, it remains a popular choice for its clarity and affordability.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in arid regions where copper deposits are exposed to the weathering of aluminum-rich rocks. The most famous turquoise sources include:
- Iran – Known for producing the classic “Persian blue” turquoise.
- United States – Arizona and Nevada are major producers of high-quality turquoise, often found in native American jewelry.
- China – Produces turquoise with a range of colors and patterns.
Turquoise is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. It is also porous and easily stained, which means it requires special care.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminum silicate. Other minerals such as pyrite (which gives the golden flecks) and calcite are often present.
The most renowned source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Egypt, and Chile. Lapis lazuli has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale and is best suited for pendants, beads, and carved pieces due to its brittleness.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth and has been used in jewelry for centuries. Natural zircon can occur in a range of colors, including yellow, brown, red, and green. The blue zircon commonly associated with December is created through heat treatment.
Zircon is found in various parts of the world, including:
- Australia
- Brazil
- India
- Madagascar
It has a hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry settings. Zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, giving it a diamond-like brilliance.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral columbite-zircon, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)₂. Its unique blue to violet color is due to trace amounts of vanadium. What makes tanzanite truly remarkable is that it is found in only one location on Earth: near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale and is often cut in a cushion or oval shape to enhance its color and brilliance. It is a relatively new gemstone in the jewelry industry, having been discovered in 1967.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of the mineral topaz, with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. Naturally occurring blue topaz is rare, and most of the blue topaz sold in the market is the result of irradiation and heat treatment.
Topaz is found in several countries, including:
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Nigeria
- United States
It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable choice for everyday jewelry. Blue topaz is known for its clarity and brilliance, often compared to a calm and serene sky.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Refractive Index (RI) | Transparency | Origin (Primary Sources) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Blue to green | 5–6 | 1.61–1.65 | Opaque | Iran, U.S., China |
| Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite | Deep blue with gold flecks | 5–6 | N/A (not a single gem) | Opaque | Afghanistan, Russia |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | Yellow, brown, red, green, blue | 6–7.5 | 1.92–2.00 | Transparent | Australia, Brazil |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)₂ | Blue to violet | 6–7 | 1.69–1.70 | Transparent | Tanzania |
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Blue (often treated) | 8 | 1.62–1.64 | Transparent | Brazil, U.S. |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each December birthstone is imbued with unique symbolic and metaphysical properties, reflecting the cultural and spiritual traditions of various societies.
Turquoise
- Symbolism: Protection, good fortune, health
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Turquoise is believed to promote calmness, emotional balance, and spiritual clarity. It is also associated with healing properties and is often used in meditation practices.
Lapis Lazuli
- Symbolism: Wisdom, truth, enlightenment
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Lapis lazuli is thought to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. It is also considered a stone of spiritual awakening and self-awareness.
Zircon
- Symbolism: Divine favor, clarity, transformation
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Zircon is associated with spiritual transformation and emotional healing. It is also believed to enhance one’s ability to see the truth and navigate complex situations with clarity.
Tanzanite
- Symbolism: Uniqueness, rarity, spiritual growth
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Tanzanite is often linked with emotional healing and spiritual awakening. It is believed to help the wearer release old patterns and embrace new perspectives.
Blue Topaz
- Symbolism: Serenity, calmness, clarity
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Blue topaz is associated with calming the mind, reducing stress, and promoting a sense of peace. It is also believed to enhance intuition and mental clarity.
Care and Cleaning
Each of these gemstones has specific care requirements to maintain their beauty and longevity.
Turquoise
- Cleaning: Use a soft cloth with mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steamers, as they can damage the stone.
- Storage: Store separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. Avoid exposure to perfumes, oils, and chemicals.
Lapis Lazuli
- Cleaning: Wipe with a soft, dry cloth. Avoid using water or chemicals, as it can stain or damage the stone.
- Storage: Handle with care to avoid breakage. Store in a soft pouch or lined jewelry box.
Zircon
- Cleaning: Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners unless the gem is stable.
- Storage: Store in a jewelry box to prevent scratches from harder gemstones.
Tanzanite
- Cleaning: Use a soft cloth with mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic and steam cleaning as it can cause damage.
- Storage: Store in a soft pouch to prevent scratches and avoid exposure to direct sunlight.
Blue Topaz
- Cleaning: Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Can be safely cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners.
- Storage: Store in a jewelry box to avoid scratches. Avoid exposure to extreme heat.
Choosing and Buying
When selecting a December birthstone, consider the following factors:
- Color: Each gemstone has a unique color range. Turquoise varies from blue to green, while tanzanite has a deep blue to violet hue.
- Clarity and Cut: Zircon and tanzanite are prized for their clarity and brilliance. Choose a well-cut stone to enhance its beauty.
- Origin: The origin of a gemstone can affect its quality and value. For example, Persian turquoise and Tanzanian tanzanite are highly sought after.
- Treatments: Some stones, like blue topaz, are enhanced through heat or irradiation. Be sure to understand what treatments have been used.
- Price: Prices can vary greatly. Lapis lazuli and turquoise are generally more affordable, while tanzanite and zircon may be more expensive, especially in larger sizes.
When purchasing, always consult with a reputable jeweler or gemologist to ensure the authenticity and quality of the stone.
Conclusion
December birthstones offer a rich and diverse array of colors, meanings, and historical significance. From the deep blue of lapis lazuli to the vibrant turquoise, each gemstone carries a unique story and connection to human history. Whether chosen for its beauty, rarity, or symbolic value, a December birthstone is more than just a piece of jewelry—it is a link to the past and a reflection of individuality.
These gemstones continue to captivate and inspire, making them a cherished choice for those born in December and for those who appreciate the timeless allure of colored stones.