The world of birthstones is rich with history, symbolism, and beauty. Among the most intriguing are the December and September birthstones, which represent a diverse array of gemstones: turquoise, zircon, tanzanite for December, and sapphire for September. Each of these stones carries its own unique geological properties, cultural lore, and significance in jewelry design. This article delves into the gemological, historical, and symbolic aspects of these stones, offering a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
Introduction
December is one of the few months with multiple birthstone options—turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite—while September is represented by the regal and timeless sapphire. These gemstones differ in color, composition, and cultural significance, yet they share a common purpose: to symbolize the month of one’s birth and to serve as personal talismans of protection, wisdom, and beauty. This article explores the geological formation, historical context, symbolism, and practical care of these stones, drawing from verified sources to present accurate and insightful information.
History and Lore
December Birthstones
The December birthstones have a storied history rooted in ancient traditions and evolving cultural practices. Turquoise, the oldest of the December birthstones, has been treasured for thousands of years. It was revered by ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, who used it in jewelry and amulets to symbolize protection and divinity. In Native American culture, turquoise is considered a sacred stone, believed to connect the earth and sky and to offer spiritual protection and healing.
Zircon, another December birthstone, has a history that is less widely known but equally fascinating. Unlike cubic zirconia, which is a synthetic diamond simulant, natural zircon has been found in geological deposits around the world. Its popularity has grown in recent decades, especially among those who appreciate its natural beauty and versatility in jewelry design. Zircon was once considered a gemstone of the future due to its optical properties and brilliance, and it continues to be valued for its diverse color palette and durability.
Tanzanite, the most recent addition to the December birthstone list, was discovered in Tanzania in the early 2000s. Its striking blue to violet color and pleochroism (the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles) have made it a popular choice in modern jewelry. Tanzanite is unique in that it is found only in one location on Earth, making it a rare and precious gemstone.
September Birthstone
Sapphire, the September birthstone, has long been associated with royalty and nobility. Its deep blue color has been revered since ancient times and has been used in crowns, scepters, and other royal regalia. Sapphires are mentioned in historical texts, including the Bible and ancient Greek and Roman writings, where they were often described as symbols of wisdom, truth, and divine favor.
In the Middle Ages, sapphires were believed to have protective qualities and were worn to safeguard against envy and harm. During the Renaissance, sapphires became a symbol of love and fidelity, often used in engagement rings. In modern times, sapphires continue to be a popular choice for fine jewelry, representing loyalty, integrity, and mental clarity.
Geological Formation and Sources
December Birthstones
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(OH)PO₄·H₂O. It is formed in arid regions where copper-rich minerals are exposed to the weathering effects of rainwater. The blue-green color of turquoise is due to the presence of copper, while the white or yellow veins (known as matrix) result from the presence of other minerals such as quartz or calcite.
The most well-known sources of turquoise are in the southwestern United States, particularly in Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada. Other significant sources include China, Egypt, Iran, and Afghanistan. The quality and color of turquoise can vary greatly depending on the location of the deposit, with the finest turquoise typically coming from the American Southwest.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It is found in a variety of colors, including blue, green, red, and colorless. The blue zircon commonly associated with December is produced through heat treatment, which enhances its natural color and brilliance. Zircon is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear.
Major sources of zircon include Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, and India. Zircon is often found in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is sometimes discovered in alluvial deposits. Its availability and affordability have made it a popular choice for jewelry designers seeking a gemstone with a natural, vibrant appearance.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH)₂. It is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, where it was discovered in the early 2000s. Tanzanite’s pleochroism and deep blue to violet color make it a highly sought-after gemstone. Its rarity and the fact that it is only found in one location have contributed to its value and desirability.
Tanzanite is formed under high-pressure, low-temperature conditions, which give it its unique color and clarity. It has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for jewelry but requiring careful handling to avoid scratches and chips.
September Birthstone
Sapphire
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, with the chemical formula Al₂O₃. It is one of the hardest gemstones, with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, second only to diamond. Sapphires can be found in a range of colors, including blue, pink, yellow, and green, but the most famous is the deep blue variety, which is caused by trace amounts of iron and titanium.
Sapphires are found in a variety of locations around the world, including Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Australia, and the United States. The most famous sapphire deposits are in Kashmir, where the stones are known for their intense blue color and excellent clarity. Sapphires from Burma (Myanmar) are also highly prized for their deep blue color and are often referred to as "pigeon’s blood" sapphires.
Gemological Properties
December Birthstones
Turquoise
- Color: Blue-green, with white or yellow matrix veins.
- Hardness: 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale.
- Luster: Waxy to dull.
- Transparency: Opaque.
- Chemical Formula: Al₂(OH)PO₄·H₂O.
- Specific Gravity: 2.6 to 2.8.
- Refractive Index: 1.61 to 1.65.
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone that is susceptible to scratches, chips, and fading when exposed to heat, moisture, or chemicals. It is often stabilized with resin to enhance its durability and color.
Zircon
- Color: Blue, green, red, colorless, and other hues.
- Hardness: 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Chemical Formula: ZrSiO₄.
- Specific Gravity: 4.6 to 4.7.
- Refractive Index: 1.92 to 2.01.
Blue zircon is highly refractive and has excellent brilliance, making it a popular choice for jewelry. It is durable enough for everyday wear but should be handled with care to avoid scratches and abrasions.
Tanzanite
- Color: Deep blue to violet, with pleochroism.
- Hardness: 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Transparency: Transparent.
- Chemical Formula: Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH)₂.
- Specific Gravity: 3.1 to 3.4.
- Refractive Index: 1.69 to 1.70.
Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone that is prone to scratches and chips. It should be protected from harsh chemicals and high temperatures to maintain its color and clarity.
September Birthstone
Sapphire
- Color: Blue, with trace amounts of iron and titanium responsible for the blue hue.
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Chemical Formula: Al₂O₃.
- Specific Gravity: 3.95 to 4.03.
- Refractive Index: 1.76 to 1.78.
Sapphires are extremely durable and resistant to scratches and abrasions, making them ideal for everyday wear. They are also highly stable and do not fade or change color over time.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December Birthstones
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and wisdom. In ancient Egypt, it was used in amulets to ward off evil and to promote good health. In Native American culture, turquoise is considered a sacred stone that connects the earth and sky. It is believed to promote spiritual protection, emotional balance, and communication. Turquoise is also associated with prosperity and is often used in jewelry to attract good fortune and abundance.
Zircon
Zircon is believed to have a range of metaphysical properties, including enhancing clarity of thought, promoting emotional stability, and providing protection from negative energies. Blue zircon is particularly associated with wisdom, intuition, and spiritual growth. It is also believed to help with sleep and relaxation, making it a popular choice for those seeking restful sleep and inner peace.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is believed to have a calming and soothing effect on the mind and emotions. It is associated with transformation, spiritual growth, and emotional healing. Tanzanite is also believed to enhance intuition and psychic abilities, making it a popular choice for those on a spiritual path. It is often used in meditation and healing practices to promote balance and harmony.
September Birthstone
Sapphire
Sapphire has been associated with wisdom, truth, and divine favor since ancient times. It is believed to promote mental clarity, strengthen intuition, and provide protection against envy and harm. Sapphires have also been used in royal regalia and are associated with loyalty, faithfulness, and nobility. In modern times, sapphires continue to be a symbol of love, commitment, and enduring relationships.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of birthstone jewelry. Each gemstone has its own unique requirements, and understanding these will help ensure that your jewelry remains in excellent condition.
December Birthstones
Turquoise
Turquoise is a delicate gemstone that requires careful handling. It should be kept away from heat, moisture, and chemicals, as these can cause it to fade, crack, or lose its color. To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Store turquoise jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and chips.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can scratch the surface of the stone. Zircon should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. While zircon is suitable for everyday wear, it should be inspected regularly for signs of wear or damage.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a soft and fragile gemstone that requires careful handling. It should be kept away from heat, moisture, and chemicals, as these can cause it to fade or lose its color. To clean tanzanite, use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Tanzanite should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and chips.
September Birthstone
Sapphire
Sapphire is one of the hardest gemstones and is highly durable. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are also safe for sapphire, as long as the stone is not set in a design that includes delicate settings or other gemstones. Sapphire should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches, but it is generally suitable for everyday wear and does not require frequent inspection.
Conclusion
The December and September birthstones—turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and sapphire—each have a rich history, unique geological properties, and deep cultural significance. Turquoise, with its ancient roots in Egyptian and Native American traditions, symbolizes protection and wisdom. Zircon and tanzanite, both relatively recent additions to the December birthstone list, offer a range of colors and properties that make them popular choices in modern jewelry. Sapphires, the September birthstone, have long been associated with royalty and nobility, representing loyalty, truth, and mental clarity.
Understanding the care and cleaning requirements of these gemstones is essential for maintaining their beauty and longevity. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, these birthstones offer a fascinating glimpse into the world of natural gemstones and their enduring appeal.