December is a month synonymous with celebration, and for those born during this time, it also carries the unique distinction of being associated with a selection of beautiful and meaningful gemstones. The birthstones for December include turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and the alternative blue topaz. These gems all share a common color—blue—which is the defining characteristic of December’s birthstone color. This article explores the properties, history, symbolism, and significance of each of these blue gems, as well as their roles in jewelry, metaphysical beliefs, and cultural traditions.
The December birthstones are not only valued for their stunning appearance but also for the rich cultural and historical contexts that surround them. Each gemstone has its own unique story, from the ancient use of turquoise in royal courts and spiritual practices to the relatively recent discovery of tanzanite in the 20th century. Blue zircon and blue topaz, while sometimes overlooked, each contribute to the diverse palette of December’s gemstone heritage. Together, these stones reflect a wide range of colors, from deep blues and purples to vibrant greens and clear blue hues.
This article will examine the geological origins of each stone, the regions where they are found, and the properties that make them suitable for jewelry and spiritual use. We will also delve into their historical significance, symbolism, and cultural roles, as well as the care and maintenance required to preserve these gems in their best condition. Whether you're a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the meaning behind a December birthstone, this guide offers an in-depth look at the blue gems that define the end of the year.
History and Lore
The December birthstones have been treasured for centuries, with their use spanning across multiple cultures and eras. Turquoise, one of the oldest known gemstones, has been found in archaeological sites dating back thousands of years. It was highly valued in ancient Egypt, where it was used in jewelry and amulets. Pharaohs and other Egyptian nobles adorned themselves with turquoise, believing it to possess protective and beneficial properties. In addition to its practical use in jewelry, turquoise was also believed to bring good fortune and was used in rituals and religious ceremonies.
The name turquoise is derived from the French phrase "pierre turquoise", meaning "Turkish stone". This name was given to the stone when it was first introduced to Europe through Turkish merchants. Over time, turquoise became associated with the East and was used by artisans in China and other parts of Asia. Chinese artisans have carved turquoise for over 3,000 years, often using it in intricate carvings and inlay work.
In more recent times, turquoise has also been used in Native American jewelry. Indigenous tribes such as the Navajo, Zuni, and Hopi have incorporated turquoise into their traditional jewelry-making, often using it as a symbol of protection and spiritual connection. The stone's blue-green color was believed to mirror the sky and the sea, making it a powerful symbol of life and vitality.
Tanzanite, on the other hand, is a much newer gemstone in the world of jewelry. It was first discovered in 1967 in Tanzania, and its name is derived from the country where it is found. Tanzanite’s vibrant blue to violet hues quickly made it a popular choice for jewelry, and it was officially recognized as a December birthstone soon after its discovery. Unlike turquoise, which has been known and used for millennia, tanzanite is a modern gemstone that has only been part of the birthstone tradition for a few decades.
Blue zircon and blue topaz also have their own historical significance. Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth and has been used in jewelry for over 2,000 years. Blue zircon, in particular, has become a popular alternative to other blue gems. Blue topaz, although not an official December birthstone, is often used as an alternative due to its affordability and beauty. It has been used in jewelry for centuries and was especially popular in Victorian-era jewelry.
These stones have not only been used for their aesthetic appeal but also for their symbolic meanings. In ancient times, turquoise was believed to possess healing properties and to bring protection to the wearer. It was also considered a stone of divination and was used in rituals to communicate with the spiritual world. Tanzanite, while newer, has also been attributed with calming and soothing properties, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance.
The December birthstones continue to be used in jewelry and spiritual practices today. Their rich history and enduring popularity reflect the timeless appeal of these blue gems, which have been treasured for their beauty and meaning across cultures and centuries.
Geological Formation and Sources
The December birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz—each have unique geological origins and are found in specific locations around the world. These gems are formed through different natural processes and are often associated with particular mineral deposits and environmental conditions.
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(OH)₃PO₄·H₂O. It is typically found in arid and semi-arid environments, where it forms through the interaction of groundwater with copper-bearing minerals in the surrounding rock. The blue color of turquoise comes from the presence of copper, while the greenish tones are due to the presence of iron. The veins and patterns found in turquoise, known as matrix, are remnants of the host rock in which the gemstone formed. Turquoise is often found in association with other minerals such as quartz and calcite.
The primary sources of turquoise include the United States (especially in Arizona and New Mexico), Iran, China, and Egypt. These regions have long histories of turquoise mining and have been important centers for the trade and use of this gemstone. Turquoise is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, and is prone to damage from water, oils, and chemicals. Because of its softness, turquoise is often stabilized with resin to improve its durability.
Tanzanite, the second official December birthstone, is a form of the mineral zircon that has been treated to enhance its blue to violet color. Tanzanite is found only in one location in the world: the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, where it was first discovered in 1967. The mineral was named after the country, and it has since become one of the most sought-after gems in the world. Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively soft compared to other gemstones like sapphire or ruby.
Blue zircon is another form of the mineral zircon, which is a naturally occurring gemstone that can be found in a variety of colors. The blue color of zircon is due to a natural irradiation process that alters the color of the stone. Blue zircon is often found in deposits in Australia, which accounts for a significant portion of the world’s zircon production. Zircon has a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than turquoise and tanzanite.
Blue topaz, while not an official December birthstone, is often used as an alternative and is a popular choice for those who prefer a more affordable option. Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. Blue topaz can occur naturally or can be enhanced through heat treatment or irradiation to achieve its blue color. The primary sources of topaz include Brazil, the United States, and Mexico. Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest December birthstones.
Each of these gems has its own unique geological story, and their sources reflect the natural conditions under which they formed. Whether it is the ancient turquoise deposits of the American Southwest or the unique tanzanite mines of Tanzania, the December birthstones are a testament to the diversity and beauty of the Earth’s mineral wealth.
Gemological Properties
The December birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz—are distinguished by their unique chemical compositions, hardness, refractive indices, and optical properties. These characteristics influence how each stone is cut, set, and used in jewelry, as well as how it is cared for to maintain its beauty.
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(OH)₃PO₄·H₂O. It is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, which makes it more prone to scratches and damage compared to harder gems like sapphire or diamond. Its refractive index ranges from 1.61 to 1.65, and it is typically opaque to semi-translucent, with visible inclusions known as matrix that form from the surrounding rock. Because of its softness and porosity, turquoise is often stabilized with resin to improve its durability. It is best suited for cabochon cuts rather than faceted cuts, as the latter can increase the risk of damage.
Tanzanite, a form of the mineral zircon, is known for its vibrant blue to violet hues, which are the result of natural irradiation and heat treatment. Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively soft and prone to scratches and chipping. Its refractive index ranges from 1.69 to 1.94, and it exhibits strong pleochroism, meaning it appears different colors when viewed from different angles. Tanzanite is typically translucent to semi-translucent and is often cut into faceted shapes such as emerald or cushion cuts to enhance its color and brilliance. Because of its softness, it requires careful handling and is best suited for everyday jewelry with appropriate settings that protect the stone from impact.
Blue zircon, another form of zircon, is a naturally occurring gemstone that is often enhanced through irradiation and heat treatment to achieve its blue color. Blue zircon has a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than turquoise and tanzanite. Its refractive index ranges from 1.92 to 2.00, and it exhibits high dispersion, giving it a sparkling, fire-like brilliance similar to diamond. Blue zircon is typically translucent to transparent and is often cut into faceted shapes to maximize its brilliance. It is a popular choice for ring and pendant settings, as its durability makes it more suitable for everyday wear.
Blue topaz, though not an official December birthstone, is often used as an alternative due to its affordability and beauty. Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. Blue topaz can occur naturally or be enhanced through heat treatment or irradiation to achieve its blue color. It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest December birthstones and ideal for everyday jewelry. Its refractive index ranges from 1.62 to 1.64, and it is typically transparent to semi-transparent, with a sparkling, glassy luster. Blue topaz is often cut into faceted shapes, such as round or princess cuts, to enhance its brilliance and clarity.
Each of these gems has its own unique gemological profile, which determines how it is best used in jewelry and how it should be cared for to preserve its beauty. Whether it is the soft and porous turquoise or the durable blue topaz, the December birthstones offer a range of options for collectors, jewelers, and those seeking a meaningful gemstone for December birthdays.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz—are not only valued for their beauty but also for the symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties attributed to them. These beliefs have been passed down through centuries and continue to influence the use of these gems in jewelry, spirituality, and personal well-being.
Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection, healing, and good fortune. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off evil spirits and bring peace to the wearer. Turquoise was also thought to enhance intellectual abilities, stimulate mental clarity, and promote spiritual growth. In many cultures, turquoise was used in amulets and talismans to offer protection in battle or during travel. It was also believed to have healing properties, particularly for respiratory issues and physical injuries. In Native American traditions, turquoise was seen as a bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds, and it was often used in ceremonial jewelry and rituals.
Tanzanite, while a relatively new discovery in gemstone history, has quickly gained a reputation for its soothing and calming properties. It is often referred to as the "workaholic stone" because it is believed to help individuals balance their work and personal lives. Tanzanite is said to promote emotional stability, reduce anxiety and stress, and encourage self-reflection and personal growth. It is also associated with spiritual awakening, helping the wearer to connect with their higher self and expand their consciousness. Because of these properties, tanzanite is often used in meditation and healing practices, as well as in jewelry designed to bring peace and balance.
Blue zircon is believed to enhance clarity of thought, improve decision-making, and promote mental focus. It is also associated with spiritual transformation, helping the wearer to let go of negative emotions and embrace new perspectives. Blue zircon is sometimes referred to as the "stone of wisdom", and it is used in jewelry and meditation to support inner strength and personal development. It is also believed to have protective properties, helping to shield the wearer from negative energies and promote a sense of calm and confidence.
Blue topaz, though not an official December birthstone, is often used as an alternative and is associated with calmness, clarity, and emotional stability. It is believed to help reduce anxiety and stress, promote positive thinking, and encourage emotional healing. Blue topaz is also associated with wisdom and intuition, making it a popular choice for those seeking mental clarity and insight. In some traditions, blue topaz is believed to enhance communication and expression, helping the wearer to express their thoughts and emotions more effectively.
These metaphysical beliefs continue to influence the use of the December birthstones in jewelry, spiritual practices, and personal well-being. Whether worn as protective amulets, used in meditation and healing, or simply enjoyed for their beauty, these blue gems continue to be valued for their symbolic meanings and positive effects.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and maintenance are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of the December birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz. Each of these gems has unique physical properties that affect how they should be handled, cleaned, and stored to prevent damage or discoloration.
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. It is also sensitive to moisture, chemicals, and oils, which can cause discoloration or surface damage. Because of its porosity, turquoise can absorb liquids and substances, which may alter its color over time. To clean turquoise, it is best to use a soft, damp cloth and avoid using harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam cleaners, which can cause cracking or fading. It is also important to avoid exposing turquoise to prolonged sunlight, as this can cause the colors to fade. When storing turquoise, it should be kept in a cool, dry place and away from other gemstones, to prevent scratching or chipping.
Tanzanite, with a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, is relatively soft and prone to scratches and chipping. It is also sensitive to heat and pressure, which can cause fractures or discoloration. To clean tanzanite, use a soft, damp cloth and avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, which can cause damage. Tanzanite should also be kept away from harsh chemicals, such as perfumes, lotions, and cleaning agents, which can affect its color and clarity. When storing tanzanite, it is best to keep it in a soft pouch or separate compartment, to prevent contact with harder gemstones that may scratch its surface.
Blue zircon, with a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, is more durable than turquoise and tanzanite. However, it is still sensitive to heat, and exposure to high temperatures can cause color fading or changes. Blue zircon can be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth or a mild detergent and warm water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can be used with caution, as excessive heat or pressure may affect the stone. Blue zircon should also be kept away from harsh chemicals, and it is best to remove jewelry containing blue zircon before using household cleaners or lotions.
Blue topaz, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, is one of the hardest December birthstones and is more durable and resilient than the others. It is less sensitive to heat, moisture, and chemicals, making it easier to clean and maintain. Blue topaz can be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth, a mild detergent and warm water, or even with an ultrasonic cleaner, which is safe for most blue topaz stones. When storing blue topaz, it can be kept in a standard jewelry box, and it is less likely to be damaged by contact with other gemstones.
By understanding the unique properties and care requirements of each December birthstone, gemstone owners and collectors can ensure that these gems remain beautiful and valuable for years to come.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz—offer a rich and diverse collection of blue gems that have been treasured for their beauty, symbolism, and historical significance. Each of these stones has a unique geological origin, distinct properties, and deep cultural meanings, making them meaningful choices for those born in this month.
Turquoise, with its ancient history and spiritual significance, has been used for thousands of years in jewelry, amulets, and ceremonial objects. It is associated with protection, healing, and wisdom, and its blue-green color has made it a favorite in traditional and modern jewelry.
Tanzanite, discovered in 1967 in Tanzania, is a relatively new gemstone that quickly became popular for its vibrant blue to violet hues. It is known for its soothing and calming properties, and it is often used in jewelry and meditation to promote emotional balance and spiritual growth.
Blue zircon and blue topaz, while sometimes overlooked, offer affordable and beautiful alternatives to the more traditional December birthstones. Blue zircon is admired for its brilliance and high dispersion, while blue topaz is valued for its durability and affordability.
These gems not only serve as beautiful jewelry pieces but also carry deep symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties that have been passed down through generations. Whether worn for personal significance, spiritual purposes, or simply for their beauty, the December birthstones continue to capture the hearts and imaginations of those who appreciate the beauty and mystery of gemstones.