December is a month celebrated not only for its festive spirit but also for its remarkable array of birthstones. Unlike other months that may have a single gemstone representing their birthstone tradition, December boasts four distinct and captivating options: turquoise, tanzanite, zircon, and blue topaz. Each of these gemstones carries with it a unique history, a distinct geological origin, and a set of symbolic and metaphysical beliefs. Together, they reflect the diversity of blue hues and cultural significance that have made December's birthstones especially cherished among gemstone lovers and jewelry collectors.
This article delves into the world of these four blue gems, exploring their geological properties, historical and cultural significance, and care requirements. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the meanings behind the December birthstones, this guide provides a comprehensive overview of what makes these stones so special.
Introduction
December's birthstones are more than just beautiful gems—they are steeped in history, symbolism, and geological significance. These four blue gems—turquoise, tanzanite, zircon, and blue topaz—offer a wide range of colors, from the deep cobalt of tanzanite to the soft, robin's egg blue of blue topaz. Each has its own story, shaped by the cultures that have valued it over centuries, and each holds a unique place in the world of gemology.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones in December is not arbitrary. It reflects the diversity of human experience and the varied ways in which people connect with gemstones. Some may be drawn to the protective qualities of turquoise, while others may prefer the rarity of tanzanite or the brilliance of zircon. This variety allows December-born individuals to choose a gemstone that resonates most with their personality and preferences.
In this article, we will explore each of these four gemstones in depth. We will examine their geological properties, their historical and cultural roles, and their symbolic meanings. We will also provide practical advice on how to care for these gems, ensuring that they remain beautiful and valuable for years to come.
History and Lore
Turquoise: The Stone of Protection and Affection
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history that spans thousands of years. It has been revered by ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Chinese, and Native Americans, who valued it for its protective properties and its association with health and good fortune. In Egypt, turquoise was believed to ward off evil and was often used in amulets and burial jewelry. In China, it was considered a symbol of immortality and was used in imperial artifacts. Among Native American tribes, particularly the Navajo and Pueblo peoples, turquoise was (and still is) a sacred stone, often used in jewelry and carvings.
In Europe, turquoise gained popularity during the Renaissance and was especially favored by royalty. It was often set into rings as a token of affection and was believed to enhance love and relationships. In Tibet, turquoise is considered a national treasure and is often carved into small, decorative pieces known as "sky stones."
Tanzanite: A Modern Discovery
Tanzanite is a much younger gemstone in the world of birthstones. Discovered in the 1960s in the Merelani Hills near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, it was quickly recognized for its unique violet-blue color. Tanzanite is the December birthstone that is the rarest and the most geographically limited, found only in this one location in the world. This exclusivity has made it highly sought after, both for its beauty and its rarity.
The gemstone was officially designated as a birthstone for December in the 1980s. Its vibrant color and the fact that it was newly discovered made it an exciting addition to the list of December birthstones. Because of its limited availability and the relatively recent discovery, tanzanite carries a sense of modernity and exclusivity that sets it apart from the other December gems.
Zircon: A Gem of Ancient Origin
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some crystals dating back over four billion years. Despite its ancient origins, zircon has been a valued gemstone for centuries. In ancient times, zircon was often mistaken for other gems like topaz or diamond due to its brilliance and refractive properties. The name "zircon" comes from the Arabic word zarkun, meaning "gold-colored," a reference to its warm, golden hues.
Zircon is particularly notable for its high dispersion, which gives it a fiery brilliance and a "rainbow" of colors when light passes through it. This property made it a popular substitute for diamonds in the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, zircon is appreciated for its affordability and beauty, making it a popular choice for jewelry, especially in rings and pendants.
Blue Topaz: A Modern Alternative
Blue topaz is a relatively recent addition to the December birthstone list. While topaz has been known since ancient times, the blue variety was not widely available until the 1980s, when irradiation and heat treatment techniques made it possible to produce large quantities of stable blue topaz. This development allowed blue topaz to be recognized as an official December birthstone, adding another blue gem to the already rich collection.
Topaz in general is associated with strength, wisdom, and protection. The blue variety, in particular, is thought to promote calmness and serenity, making it a fitting symbol for the winter season. Its availability and affordability have made it a popular choice for modern jewelry designs.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper. It forms in the oxidation zones of copper deposits, typically in arid regions where the conditions are right for its formation. The presence of copper gives turquoise its characteristic blue color, while the presence of iron can result in greenish tones. The gemstone is often found in association with other minerals, including quartz and calcite.
The most famous sources of turquoise are Iran, the United States, and China. Iranian turquoise, known for its intense "Persian blue" color, is particularly prized. In the U.S., turquoise is mined in states like Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico. Native American tribes in these regions have a long history of using turquoise in their jewelry and art.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, which is a calcium aluminum silicate. The violet-blue color of tanzanite is due to the presence of vanadium. It is found only in the Merelani Hills near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The deposits in this area are limited, and the gemstone is expected to become even rarer in the future.
The formation of tanzanite is relatively recent geologically, occurring within the last 50 million years. The unique geological conditions in this region allowed for the development of the gemstone's distinctive color and clarity. Tanzanite is often found in metamorphic rocks, and its extraction requires careful mining techniques to preserve the quality of the stones.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate that is found in a variety of geological settings. It forms in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and is known for its durability and resistance to weathering. Zircon can occur in a range of colors, including colorless, yellow, red, green, and blue, with the blue variety being particularly popular in jewelry.
The most significant sources of zircon include Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Brazil. Zircon is often found in alluvial deposits, where it has been weathered and transported by water. The gemstone is also known to be found in beach sands, where it is sometimes used as a gem material or as a source of zirconium.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in pegmatite deposits, which are igneous rocks that cool slowly, allowing for the formation of large crystals. Blue topaz, in particular, is created through a combination of heat treatment and irradiation, which alters the color of the natural topaz. This process makes it possible to produce large quantities of stable blue topaz, which is then used in jewelry.
The primary sources of topaz include Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States. Brazil is the largest producer of topaz, with large deposits found in the state of Minas Gerais. The availability of topaz has made it a popular gemstone, especially in the form of blue topaz, which is used in a wide range of jewelry designs.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Refractive Index | Transparency | Luster |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Al₂(Cu,Fe)₂(SO₄)(OH)₂·4H₂O | Blue to green | 5–6 | 1.61–1.65 | Opaque | Waxy |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | Violet-blue | 6–7 | 1.694–1.701 | Transparent to translucent | Vitreous |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | Blue, colorless, yellow | 6.5–7.5 | 1.925–2.015 | Transparent | Vitreous |
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Blue | 6–7 | 1.617–1.627 | Transparent | Vitreous |
Turquoise
Turquoise is an opaque gemstone with a waxy luster. Its hardness ranges from 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. Because of its porosity and water content, turquoise is sensitive to acids, heat, and excessive moisture. This means that it requires careful handling and cleaning to maintain its appearance.
Turquoise is often cut into cabochons, which are smooth, rounded shapes that enhance its natural color and texture. It is also sometimes inlaid into silver or other metals to create intricate jewelry designs.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a transparent to translucent gemstone with a vitreous (glassy) luster. It has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it durable enough for everyday wear in jewelry. The gemstone is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a brilliant, colorful appearance.
Tanzanite is often cut into faceted stones to showcase its color and brilliance. Because of its rarity and beauty, it is considered a luxury gemstone and is often used in high-end jewelry designs.
Zircon
Zircon is a transparent gemstone with a vitreous luster. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, which makes it suitable for use in rings and other jewelry that is worn frequently. Zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a fiery brilliance that is similar to diamond.
Blue zircon is one of the most popular varieties of the gemstone, especially for use in engagement rings and other fine jewelry. It is often cut into brilliant cuts to maximize its sparkle.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a transparent gemstone with a vitreous luster. It has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in a wide range of jewelry designs. The gemstone is known for its clarity and brilliance, and it is often cut into brilliant or princess cuts to enhance its sparkle.
Blue topaz is a relatively affordable gemstone, making it a popular choice for those who want the look of a precious gem without the high price tag. It is also a good option for those who are looking for a durable gemstone that can be worn daily.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, good fortune, and health. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off evil spirits and to bring the wearer good luck. It was also thought to enhance communication and promote calmness and clarity of thought.
In Native American traditions, turquoise is considered a sacred stone that connects the earth and sky. It is often used in rituals and is believed to bring spiritual insight and emotional balance. In Tibetan culture, turquoise is considered a national treasure and is often carved into small, decorative stones known as "sky stones."
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, intuition, and emotional healing. It is believed to help the wearer release negative emotions and to promote inner peace and clarity. Because it is found only in Tanzania, it is also thought to have a strong connection to the earth and to the spiritual energies of the region.
Tanzanite is also associated with the heart and throat chakras, and it is believed to help open these energy centers to enhance communication and emotional expression.
Zircon
Zircon is believed to promote vitality, wisdom, and spiritual awareness. It is associated with the heart chakra and is thought to enhance love, compassion, and emotional healing. Zircon is also believed to help the wearer release negative thoughts and to promote a sense of balance and harmony.
Blue zircon is especially valued for its calming properties and is often used in meditation and spiritual practices.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with serenity, calmness, and emotional stability. It is believed to help the wearer release fear and anxiety and to promote a sense of peace and well-being. Blue topaz is also associated with the throat chakra and is thought to enhance communication and self-expression.
In addition to its emotional benefits, blue topaz is also believed to promote good health and to help the body heal from illness. It is often used in crystal healing and is thought to have a positive effect on the respiratory and circulatory systems.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone that requires gentle care. It should be avoided from exposure to harsh chemicals, heat, and moisture. Turquoise can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It should not be soaked in water or exposed to ultrasonic cleaners, as this can cause damage to the stone.
Turquoise should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Because of its sensitivity to heat, it is best to avoid wearing turquoise in hot environments or while engaging in physical activities that may cause excessive sweating.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with a soft brush and mild soap and water. It can also be cleaned with ultrasonic cleaners, but care should be taken to avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials. Tanzanite should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent any potential damage.
Because tanzanite is a relatively rare gemstone, it is important to handle it with care and to avoid exposing it to conditions that could cause damage or discoloration.
Zircon
Zircon is a relatively hard gemstone that can withstand normal wear and tear. It can be cleaned with a soft brush and mild soap and water. It can also be cleaned with ultrasonic cleaners, but care should be taken to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
Zircon should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent any potential damage. Because of its high refractive index and dispersion, zircon is best displayed in a way that allows it to catch light and showcase its brilliance.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with a soft brush and mild soap and water. It can also be cleaned with ultrasonic cleaners, but care should be taken to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials. Blue topaz should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent any potential damage.
Because of its durability and affordability, blue topaz is a good choice for everyday jewelry. It is also a good option for those who are looking for a gemstone that can be worn frequently without fear of damage.
Conclusion
December's birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, zircon, and blue topaz—each bring their own unique qualities to the world of gemstones. From the ancient traditions surrounding turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, these gems offer a rich tapestry of history, culture, and symbolism. Their diverse colors and properties make them ideal for a wide range of jewelry designs, and their individual characteristics allow December-born individuals to choose a gemstone that best reflects their personality and style.
Whether you are drawn to the protective qualities of turquoise, the rarity of tanzanite, the brilliance of zircon, or the affordability of blue topaz, there is a December birthstone that is perfect for you. By understanding the geological properties, historical significance, and care requirements of these gems, you can make an informed decision when choosing your December birthstone. These gems not only offer beauty but also connect you to the rich history and cultural traditions that have shaped their significance over time.