December is a month marked by celebration and gift-giving, and for those born in this time of year, it brings the joy of four beautiful gemstones. December is unique in that it has four officially recognized birthstones: Blue Topaz, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, and Turquoise. Each of these stones carries its own set of properties, histories, and cultural significance, making them ideal choices for jewelry and meaningful gifts.
This article explores the properties, origins, symbolism, and care of each December birthstone, drawing on information from authoritative sources in the jewelry and gemstone industries. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the significance of December’s birthstones, this guide provides a comprehensive overview of these four gems.
History and Lore
December birthstones have a long and rich history that spans across different cultures and centuries. Each gemstone has its own story, shaped by the times and places in which it was discovered and valued.
Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Healing
Turquoise is perhaps the most ancient of the December birthstones and has been treasured for thousands of years. Its use dates back to ancient Egypt, where it was believed to bring protection and prosperity. Pharaohs and nobles adorned themselves with turquoise jewelry, and it was also used in amulets and religious artifacts. The stone was often associated with the gods, particularly those of the sky and water.
In the Americas, turquoise was highly valued by Native American tribes, who used it in jewelry, ceremonial objects, and even as currency. The stone was believed to have healing properties and was used in rituals to ward off illness and promote longevity.
Turquoise was officially recognized as a December birthstone in the early 20th century, though its popularity has waxed and waned over the decades. Today, it remains a symbol of protection, good fortune, and personal expression.
Tanzanite: A Modern Discovery with Ancient Roots
Tanzanite is the youngest of the December birthstones. Discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, it was not officially recognized as a birthstone until 1968. The gem was initially found in its raw, uncut form and was named after the country of Tanzania. What makes tanzanite unique is its trichroism, a property that allows it to display three different colors—blue, purple, and red—depending on the angle of light.
Tanzanite quickly gained popularity in the jewelry industry due to its vibrant color and relative rarity. It is considered a symbol of transformation, spiritual growth, and emotional balance. Unlike the other December birthstones, which have been known for centuries, tanzanite represents a modern discovery that has quickly become a cherished gemstone.
Blue Topaz: A Classic Choice with a Scientific Twist
Blue topaz is one of the more durable December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It is a relatively common gemstone and has been used in jewelry for centuries. However, the blue color of topaz is not natural in the wild; most blue topaz is treated to achieve its striking blue hue through irradiation or heat treatment.
Despite the treatment, blue topaz remains a popular choice for jewelry due to its affordability, brilliance, and versatility. It is associated with wisdom, honesty, and calmness. Its popularity has grown significantly in recent decades, making it a favorite among modern jewelry designers.
Blue Zircon: A Rare and Radiant Stone
Blue zircon is the least commonly known of the four December birthstones, but it holds a special place in gemological history. Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years. When treated, zircon can take on a beautiful blue color that is highly prized.
Blue zircon is often mistaken for cubic zirconia due to its name and similar appearance, but the two are distinct. Blue zircon is naturally occurring and can be found in several countries, including Australia, Thailand, and the United States. It is believed to promote clarity of thought and emotional stability. While not as widely used as the other December birthstones, blue zircon is a rare and radiant choice for those seeking a unique gem.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological formation and sources of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity, value, and the processes involved in their extraction and use in jewelry.
Turquoise: A Product of Time and Environment
Turquoise is formed through a process that involves the interaction of water with copper and aluminum minerals in the earth’s crust. This reaction produces the characteristic blue-green color of turquoise. The stone is most commonly found in arid regions, where the chemical reactions can occur over long periods of time.
Major sources of turquoise include Iran, China, the United States (particularly in the Southwestern states), and Egypt. The quality and color of turquoise can vary depending on the location. For example, Persian turquoise is known for its rich blue color and lack of veins, while American turquoise often has more visible matrix patterns.
Turquoise is typically mined using traditional methods, as the stone is relatively soft and requires careful handling to avoid damage. Once extracted, it is often stabilized with resins or other substances to improve its durability and color.
Tanzanite: A Unique Geological Phenomenon
Tanzanite is a rare gemstone that is found only in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. The formation of tanzanite is linked to the presence of vanadium and other trace elements, which give the stone its distinctive blue and purple hues. The geological conditions required for the formation of tanzanite are very specific, which is why it is found only in this region.
The Merelani Hills are a geologically active area, and the tanzanite deposits are often found in metamorphic rock. The mining process involves both surface and underground mining, and the gemstone is typically found in small pockets within the rock.
Because tanzanite is only found in one location, it is considered a finite resource. This scarcity has contributed to its value and popularity in the jewelry industry.
Blue Topaz: A Natural and Treated Gemstone
Blue topaz is a relatively common gemstone that is found in several countries, including Brazil, the United States, and Nigeria. In its natural state, topaz is colorless, but it can also occur in yellow, brown, and other colors. The blue color of topaz is typically achieved through irradiation or heat treatment, which alters the stone's atomic structure and gives it its vibrant blue hue.
The treatment process does not affect the durability or hardness of the stone, making it a practical and affordable choice for jewelry. Blue topaz is often used in rings, earrings, and pendants due to its brilliance and durability.
Blue Zircon: A Stone with Ancient Origins
Blue zircon is a naturally occurring gemstone that is found in several countries, including Australia, Thailand, and the United States. The blue color of zircon is the result of natural radiation, which alters the stone's structure and gives it its vibrant blue hue.
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years. This makes it a fascinating subject for geologists and gemologists alike. Blue zircon is relatively rare compared to other gemstones, which contributes to its value.
The mining of blue zircon typically involves alluvial deposits, where the stone is found in riverbeds and other sedimentary environments. The stone is then sorted and processed to remove impurities and prepare it for use in jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Each of the four December birthstones has unique gemological properties that affect its appearance, durability, and suitability for jewelry.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Clarity | Luster | Chemical Composition | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | Blue (treated) | 8 | Good | Vitreous | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Brazil, USA, Nigeria |
| Blue Zircon | Blue (natural) | 6–7.5 | Variable | Adamantine | ZrSiO₄ | Australia, Thailand, USA |
| Tanzanite | Blue, purple (trichroic) | 6–7 | Good | Vitreous | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | Tanzania |
| Turquoise | Blue-green (with matrix) | 5–6 | Variable | Waxy | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Iran, USA, Egypt, China |
Blue Topaz: A Durable and Affordable Choice
Blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it highly resistant to scratches and ideal for everyday wear. The stone is also relatively lightweight, which contributes to its popularity in jewelry.
Blue topaz has a vitreous luster and is known for its brilliance and clarity. The treatment process used to create its blue color does not affect its durability or appearance. Blue topaz is an excellent choice for rings, pendants, and earrings due to its durability and affordability.
Blue Zircon: A Radiant and Rare Gemstone
Blue zircon has a hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it slightly less durable than blue topaz. However, it has a high refractive index, which gives it a brilliant sparkle. Blue zircon has an adamantine luster, which is one of the brightest of any gemstone.
Because blue zircon is relatively rare, it is considered a valuable gemstone. It is often used in statement jewelry pieces, where its beauty can be showcased. Blue zircon is not as commonly used in everyday jewelry due to its lower hardness, but it is a stunning choice for special occasions.
Tanzanite: A Soft and Colorful Stone
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale, which means it is relatively soft compared to other gemstones. This makes it more susceptible to scratches and damage, so it requires careful handling and care.
Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, a property that allows it to display three different colors—blue, purple, and red—depending on the angle of light. This unique property makes it a popular choice for pendants and earrings, where the stone can be viewed from different angles.
Despite its softness, tanzanite is a beautiful and versatile gemstone that is often used in high-end jewelry.
Turquoise: A Softer and More Delicate Gemstone
Turquoise has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the softer December birthstones. This means it is more prone to scratches and damage, especially when used in rings and other jewelry that may be exposed to daily wear.
Turquoise has a waxy luster and is often found with matrix patterns, which are natural veins or flecks that run through the stone. These patterns add to the uniqueness and beauty of turquoise. The stone is often stabilized with resins or other substances to improve its durability and color.
Despite its softness, turquoise is a popular choice for jewelry due to its rich color and cultural significance. It is often used in pendants, earrings, and bracelets.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the December birthstones carries its own set of symbolism and metaphysical properties, which have been passed down through generations.
Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Healing
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to ward off evil and bring prosperity. It was also used in amulets and religious artifacts to protect the wearer from harm.
In Native American cultures, turquoise was considered a sacred stone that connected the earth and sky. It was used in rituals to promote healing, longevity, and spiritual growth. Turquoise is also believed to enhance communication and promote emotional balance.
Tanzanite: A Stone of Transformation and Growth
Tanzanite is believed to promote transformation, spiritual growth, and emotional balance. It is often used in meditation and healing practices to help individuals connect with their inner selves and achieve emotional clarity.
The stone is also associated with intuition and wisdom, making it a popular choice for those seeking guidance and insight. Tanzanite is believed to help individuals overcome emotional barriers and embrace new beginnings.
Blue Topaz: A Stone of Wisdom and Clarity
Blue topaz is associated with wisdom, honesty, and calmness. It is believed to promote mental clarity and help individuals make sound decisions. The stone is also thought to enhance communication and encourage open and honest dialogue.
Blue topaz is often used in meditation and healing practices to promote emotional stability and inner peace. It is also believed to protect the wearer from negative influences and promote a sense of calm.
Blue Zircon: A Stone of Clarity and Stability
Blue zircon is believed to promote clarity of thought and emotional stability. It is often used in meditation and healing practices to help individuals focus their minds and achieve a sense of balance. The stone is also associated with intuition and spiritual growth.
Blue zircon is believed to help individuals overcome emotional challenges and find clarity in difficult situations. It is also thought to promote self-confidence and encourage personal growth.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstone jewelry. Each gemstone has specific requirements based on its hardness, luster, and sensitivity to heat and chemicals.
Turquoise: Handle with Care
Turquoise is one of the softer December birthstones, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. This means it is more prone to scratches and damage. It is also sensitive to heat, chemicals, and moisture, which can cause it to crack or lose its color.
To clean turquoise jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Store turquoise jewelry in a dry, cool place to prevent it from drying out or cracking.
Tanzanite: Avoid Heat and Chemicals
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches. It is also sensitive to heat and chemicals, which can cause it to fade or lose its color.
To clean tanzanite jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause the stone to crack. Store tanzanite jewelry in a cool, dry place to prevent it from fading or losing its luster.
Blue Topaz: A Durable and Easy-to-Clean Gemstone
Blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it highly resistant to scratches and ideal for everyday wear. It is also relatively easy to clean and maintain.
To clean blue topaz jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. You can also use an ultrasonic cleaner or steam cleaner to remove dirt and debris. Store blue topaz jewelry in a dry, cool place to prevent it from losing its luster.
Blue Zircon: Handle with Caution
Blue zircon has a hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it slightly less durable than blue topaz. It is also sensitive to heat and chemicals, which can cause it to fade or lose its color.
To clean blue zircon jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause the stone to crack. Store blue zircon jewelry in a cool, dry place to prevent it from fading or losing its luster.
Conclusion
December is a unique month with four beautiful birthstones—Blue Topaz, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, and Turquoise—each with its own set of properties, histories, and symbolism. These gemstones have been cherished for centuries and continue to be popular choices for jewelry and meaningful gifts.
Whether you are drawn to the vibrant blue of blue topaz, the rare beauty of blue zircon, the transformative power of tanzanite, or the protective qualities of turquoise, there is a December birthstone to suit every taste and occasion. With proper care and maintenance, these gemstones can be enjoyed for a lifetime, serving as a lasting reminder of the December season and its rich traditions.
Understanding the properties, origins, and symbolism of these gemstones allows us to appreciate their beauty and significance even more. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the world of birthstones, December’s four gemstones offer a fascinating and rewarding exploration into the world of gems.