August, the eighth month of the year, is rich in historical significance and natural beauty. Named after the Roman Emperor Augustus, who brought stability and expansion to the Roman Empire, August is also a month known for its meteor showers and the transition back to school in many parts of the world. Yet, one of its most intriguing features is its association with three distinct gemstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. This is a unique distinction, shared only with a few other months, and reflects the rich and complex history of gemstone traditions across cultures and centuries.
The journey of these gemstones from ancient talismans to modern birthstone symbols is fascinating. Each of these stones carries a unique geological and cultural profile, making them not just beautiful adornments but also meaningful objects of personal significance. In this article, we will explore the history, geological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. We will also examine the reasons why August has three official birthstones and how this tradition has evolved over time.
A Historical Perspective on August Birthstones
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months of the year is a practice with ancient roots. While the exact origins of the modern birthstone tradition are somewhat unclear, it is believed to have been influenced by medieval European customs and biblical references. For example, the Breastplate of Aaron, as described in the Book of Exodus, is often cited as one of the earliest references to gemstones being linked to specific spiritual or symbolic roles.
By the 15th century, different European cultures had developed their own sets of birthstone associations, and these traditions were further refined in the 20th century by institutions like the American National Association of Jewelers and the Jewelers of America. The modern list of birthstones was officially established in the 1950s and has since been updated to reflect new discoveries and changing consumer preferences.
August, in particular, has a special place in this tradition. Unlike most months, which are associated with one or two birthstones, August is uniquely tied to three: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. This distinction reflects both the historical evolution of birthstone traditions and the practical considerations of gemstone availability and appeal.
Historically, sardonyx was the sole August birthstone. However, due to its frequent confusion with peridot—particularly because both stones can exhibit similar green tones—peridot was added in the early 20th century. In 2016, spinel was officially recognized as the third August birthstone, reflecting its growing popularity among consumers and jewelers seeking alternatives to more traditional stones like ruby.
This three-gemstone designation for August is not just a modern innovation; it reflects a deeper cultural appreciation for the symbolic and aesthetic qualities of these stones. Each has its own unique history and set of meanings, which have been passed down through generations and continue to shape their roles in contemporary jewelry.
The Geology and Sources of August Birthstones
To understand the significance of August's birthstones, it is important to examine their geological origins and the locations where they are found. Each of these gemstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—has a distinct formation process and a range of geographic sources, which contribute to their availability and market value.
Peridot: The Green Gem of the Earth and the Stars
Peridot is the most well-known of the August birthstones and is often considered the modern representative of the month. It is a variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate of magnesium and iron with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. Peridot is known for its vibrant green color, which ranges from a yellowish green to a deep olive green. The most highly prized peridots are those with a rich, saturated green hue.
Peridot is formed under high-pressure conditions in the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It can be found in both igneous rocks, where it forms from solidified lava, and in meteorites, where it is created by the intense heat and pressure of space. This dual origin—both terrestrial and extraterrestrial—has led to the nickname "the gem from the stars."
Geographically, peridot is found in several locations around the world, including Arizona, Nevada, Brazil, India, Nigeria, and Madagascar. These deposits are often associated with volcanic rocks or meteorite impact sites. The most famous source of high-quality peridot is the Red Sea island of Zabargad, which is known for producing large, vibrant stones.
Peridot has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it relatively durable for everyday wear. However, it is still susceptible to scratches and should be handled with care. It has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70, which gives it a bright, glassy luster. Peridot is also known for its pleochroism, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles, a property that adds to its visual appeal.
Sardonyx: The Banded Stone of Strength
Sardonyx is a type of onyx, a form of chalcedony, which is itself a variety of quartz. Sardonyx is characterized by its reddish-brown base with white or light-colored bands. The name "sardonyx" comes from the Greek words "sardis," referring to the red color of the stone, and "onyx," referring to the banded structure.
The formation of sardonyx occurs through the precipitation of silica from water-rich solutions in the cavities of rocks. Over time, layers of different minerals build up, creating the distinct banding that defines the stone. The red color in sardonyx is typically due to the presence of iron oxide, while the white bands are composed of pure silica.
Sardonyx has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, similar to peridot, and is relatively durable. It has a refractive index of 1.48 to 1.53, which is lower than that of peridot, giving it a slightly more subdued luster. Sardonyx is also translucent to opaque, with a waxy to vitreous luster.
Geographically, sardonyx is found in several parts of the world, including India, Brazil, Uruguay, Germany, and the United States. It has been used for centuries in intaglio carvings, cameos, and jewelry, particularly in ancient Roman and Egyptian cultures. In fact, sardonyx was one of the earliest gemstones used for engravings, and many surviving examples of Roman seals and cameos are made from this stone.
Spinel: The Misunderstood Gemstone
Spinel is the newest addition to the August birthstone list, having been officially recognized in 2016. It is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula MgAl₂O₄. Spinel comes in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, green, and black, but the most popular and valuable variety is the red spinel, which was often mistaken for ruby in the past.
Spinel is formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks, often in association with corundum (the mineral that includes ruby and sapphire). It is known for its high refractive index and strong luster, which make it highly desirable as a gemstone. Red spinel, in particular, has a refractive index of 1.718, which is higher than that of ruby (1.76 to 1.78), giving it a slightly different optical effect.
Geographically, spinel is found in several countries, including Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Afghanistan. The Mogok Stone Tract in Myanmar is particularly famous for producing high-quality red spinel. Spinel is also found in precambrian rocks, which are some of the oldest rocks on Earth, suggesting that it has been forming for billions of years.
Spinel has a Mohs hardness of 8, which makes it more durable than both peridot and sardonyx. It is also isotropic, meaning it does not exhibit pleochroism or double refraction, which simplifies the cutting process and allows for a wide range of shapes and styles.
Symbolism and Cultural Significance
Each of August's birthstones carries a rich history of symbolism and cultural significance. These meanings have been passed down through centuries and continue to shape the way these gemstones are perceived and used in jewelry.
Peridot: The Stone of Hope and Healing
Peridot has long been associated with hope, healing, and renewal. In ancient times, it was believed that peridot could ward off nightmares and bring good luck. The Egyptians referred to it as the "gem of the sun," and it was used in amulets and jewelry to protect against evil spirits and negative energies.
In modern times, peridot is often associated with self-responsibility, forgiveness, and the ability to manifest dreams. It is considered a stone of clarity and emotional healing, helping individuals to release old patterns and embrace new beginnings. Peridot is also believed to enhance creativity and willpower, making it a popular choice for those seeking to overcome obstacles and achieve their goals.
Sardonyx: The Stone of Strength and Protection
Sardonyx has been used for centuries as a stone of protection and strength. In ancient Rome, it was believed to protect the wearer from harm and bring courage in battle. Sardonyx was also associated with confidence, optimism, and joy, making it a popular choice for soldiers and warriors.
In modern times, sardonyx is often used as a stone of grounding and stability, helping individuals to stay centered and focused. It is also believed to enhance communication and emotional expression, making it a valuable tool for those who struggle with self-expression or interpersonal relationships.
Spinel: The Stone of Passion and Commitment
Spinel, particularly red spinel, is often associated with passion, commitment, and emotional intensity. In ancient times, it was believed that spinel could protect the wearer from harm and bring good fortune. It was also associated with romantic love and deep emotional connections.
In modern times, spinel is often used as a stone of transformation and emotional healing. It is believed to help individuals release old emotional patterns and embrace new ways of thinking and feeling. Spinel is also associated with compassion and commitment, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and other meaningful jewelry.
Care and Cleaning of August Birthstones
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of August's birthstones. While all three gemstones are relatively durable, they do have different requirements for cleaning and storage.
Peridot
Peridot has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, which makes it relatively durable, but it is still susceptible to scratches and abrasion. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm water, avoiding harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, which can damage the stone. Peridot should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, similar to peridot, and is relatively durable. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm water, and it is generally safe to use ultrasonic cleaners, although it is best to follow the manufacturer's instructions. Sardonyx should be stored in a dry, cool place, away from direct sunlight.
Spinel
Spinel has a Mohs hardness of 8, making it one of the hardest gemstones in the August birthstone collection. It is very durable and can withstand everyday wear. Spinel can be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm water, and it is safe to use ultrasonic cleaners. Spinel should be stored in a dry, cool place, away from direct sunlight.
Conclusion
August is a month of transition and transformation, and its three birthstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—reflect this duality in both their geological properties and symbolic meanings. Peridot, with its vibrant green color and association with hope and healing, is a symbol of renewal and personal growth. Sardonyx, with its bold red and white banding, represents strength, protection, and emotional stability. Spinel, with its deep red color and high durability, embodies passion, commitment, and emotional intensity.
The tradition of associating these gemstones with the month of August is a testament to the enduring power of gemstones in human culture. Whether as ancient talismans or modern jewelry, these stones continue to captivate and inspire, offering a unique blend of beauty, meaning, and history. For those born in August, these gemstones are not just symbols of the month but also powerful reminders of their personal journey and the qualities they wish to cultivate in their lives.