December, the final month of the year, is associated with an impressive variety of birthstones—more than most months. These gems include blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. Each of these stones carries its own distinct beauty, symbolism, and historical significance. This article explores the properties, origins, and cultural meanings of December’s birthstones, offering a comprehensive view of their relevance in jewelry, history, and personal significance.
Introduction
December birthstones are known for their vibrant colors and captivating qualities. They have long been revered for their aesthetic appeal as well as their metaphysical properties. While many months are associated with a single gemstone, December is unique in that it features multiple options—each with its own charm and significance. These include blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. Each of these stones reflects the wintry essence of the month, often associated with cool tones and a sense of calm.
This article will explore the historical and cultural significance of these gems, their geological properties, and their symbolic meanings. It will also examine why December is associated with so many birthstones and how these stones have evolved in their use and perception over time.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with birth months dates back centuries, with roots in ancient Biblical texts and medieval European practices. According to some sources, the earliest lists of birthstones were based on the 12 stones mentioned in the Old Testament—these were believed to be set in the High Priest Aaron’s breastplate. These stones were later associated with the months of the year.
December is one of the months that has seen significant changes in its designated birthstones. The earliest records suggest that ruby was once considered the December birthstone. However, by the 1870s, turquoise had become prominent due to the influence of Tiffany & Co. and their "Gregorian Birthstone Poems" pamphlet. In 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now known as Jewelers of America) recognized turquoise as the primary December birthstone and lapis lazuli as an alternative.
In 1952, zircon was added to the list by the Jewelry Industry Council of America. More recently, in 2002, tanzanite was officially added as another December birthstone. This expansion reflects the evolving nature of birthstone traditions and the growing appreciation for a wider range of gemstones.
The historical journey of these gems reveals their deep cultural roots. Turquoise, for example, has been used as a protective talisman in ancient civilizations, while lapis lazuli has been associated with wisdom and royalty. Zircon and tanzanite, though newer additions to the list, have quickly gained popularity due to their striking colors and unique properties.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each December birthstone has a unique geological origin and is found in different parts of the world. Understanding how these gems are formed and where they are mined provides insight into their rarity and value.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a mineral that has existed on Earth for billions of years. It is found in a wide range of colors, including red, yellow, green, and blue. The blue variety, known as "starlight blue zircon," is particularly popular as a December birthstone. Zircon is known for its high refractive index, which gives it a brilliant sparkle and a "fire" similar to that of diamonds.
Blue zircon is formed through a process called heat treatment, which alters the natural color of the stone. This treatment enhances its beauty and makes it more desirable in jewelry. Zircon is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Thailand, and the United States. Its durability, with a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, makes it suitable for daily wear in rings and pendants.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a naturally occurring gemstone that is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States. It is a variety of the mineral topaz and is known for its calm, serene blue color. Blue topaz is often enhanced through irradiation or heat treatment to deepen its color and make it more attractive.
Topaz is a relatively hard gemstone, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable choice for jewelry. It is one of the most affordable December birthstones, which has contributed to its popularity. Its light blue color is reminiscent of the sky and sea, making it a symbol of tranquility and serenity.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is one of the rarest of the December birthstones. It is found exclusively in the area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. This unique geographical location is a key factor in tanzanite's value and desirability. Tanzanite is a type of zoisite, and its deep blue to violet color is caused by trace amounts of vanadium.
Tanzanite was first discovered in the 1960s and was officially added to the list of December birthstones in 2002. Its rarity and stunning color have made it a favorite among gemstone enthusiasts. Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which means it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and chips.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed mainly of lazurite, a deep blue mineral. It is also found in small amounts of calcite and pyrite. Lapis lazuli has been mined for thousands of years, with the most famous deposits located in Afghanistan. This stone has been used in jewelry and decorative objects since ancient times and was particularly prized in Egypt, where it was used to make amulets and inlays.
Lapis lazuli is not as hard as the other December birthstones, with a hardness of around 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. Its softness means that it is more prone to scratches and damage, so it is best suited for pendants and earrings rather than rings. Despite this, lapis lazuli remains a popular choice due to its deep blue color and historical significance.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, and it is known for its blue to green colors. It is found in arid regions where copper deposits are common. Major sources of turquoise include the United States (especially Arizona and Nevada), China, and Mexico.
Turquoise has a relatively low hardness, ranging from 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it more fragile than the other December birthstones. It is also porous and can absorb oils and moisture, which means it requires special care to maintain its appearance. Turquoise has been used as a decorative stone and a protective talisman for centuries, particularly in Native American and Middle Eastern cultures.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone has its own unique gemological properties, which contribute to its beauty and durability.
| Gemstone | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs) | Composition | Refractive Index | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Zircon | Blue (often enhanced) | 6–7.5 | Zirconium silicate | 1.93–2.01 | Australia, Thailand, U.S. |
| Blue Topaz | Blue (natural or enhanced) | 8 | Aluminum silicate | 1.61–1.63 | Brazil, Nigeria, U.S. |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | Calcium aluminum silicate (zoisite) | 1.69–1.70 | Tanzania |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue (with gold flecks) | 5–6 | Lazurite, calcite, pyrite | 1.50–1.70 | Afghanistan |
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | Hydrated phosphate of aluminum/copper | 1.61–1.66 | U.S., China, Mexico |
These properties influence how each gemstone is used in jewelry. For example, blue topaz and blue zircon are suitable for everyday wear due to their hardness, while lapis lazuli and turquoise are better suited for less frequent use due to their softer nature.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones are not only admired for their beauty but also for the meanings and beliefs associated with them. These stones have been used in various cultures for their protective, healing, and spiritual properties.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is believed to bring clarity of thought and enhance one's ability to make decisions. It is also associated with wisdom and truth, making it a popular stone for those seeking intellectual growth. Zircon is said to help with emotional balance and can assist in calming the mind during stressful times.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is often associated with calmness and serenity. It is believed to promote a sense of peace and tranquility, helping individuals to remain composed in difficult situations. It is also linked to love and friendship, making it a meaningful choice for couples and close friends.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is thought to enhance spiritual awareness and intuition. It is often used in meditation and is believed to open the heart chakra, promoting emotional healing and compassion. Tanzanite is also associated with transformation and change, making it a fitting gemstone for December, a month that marks the end of one year and the beginning of another.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has long been associated with wisdom and royalty. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and promote self-awareness. It is also linked to truth and honesty, making it a popular stone for those seeking personal growth and self-discovery.
Turquoise
Turquoise is considered a protective stone and is often used as a talisman for good fortune and health. It is believed to bring positive energy and to shield the wearer from negative influences. Turquoise is also associated with communication and self-expression, making it a valuable gemstone for those who seek to improve their verbal and emotional skills.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Due to their varying hardness levels and porosity, each gemstone requires specific handling and cleaning methods.
Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz
Blue zircon and blue topaz are relatively hard gemstones, making them suitable for daily wear. They can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic cleaners are also safe for these stones, as long as they do not contain inclusions or fractures that could be damaged by the vibrations.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be handled with care due to its lower hardness. It can be cleaned with a gentle soap and a soft brush, but ultrasonic cleaners should be used with caution to avoid damage. Tanzanite should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise
Lapis lazuli and turquoise are both soft and porous, so they require more delicate care. These stones should be cleaned with a damp cloth and mild soap, and they should be avoided from being exposed to harsh chemicals or prolonged moisture. They should also be stored in a dry, cool place to prevent fading and deterioration.
Turquoise, in particular, is sensitive to oils and lotions, so it is best to remove it before applying cosmetics or perfumes. Lapis lazuli can also be sensitive to acids and should be kept away from acidic substances.
Conclusion
December birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique beauty, history, and meaning. From the deep blue of lapis lazuli to the vibrant turquoise and the striking violet of tanzanite, these stones reflect the wintry essence of the month and provide a range of options for jewelry and personal expression.
Understanding the properties, origins, and symbolism of these gems enhances their value and appreciation. Whether worn for their aesthetic appeal or their metaphysical properties, December birthstones continue to captivate and inspire those who choose them.
These gemstones are not just ornaments but also symbols of history, culture, and personal significance. Their journey from ancient traditions to modern jewelry reflects the enduring fascination with gemstones and their role in human life.