December, the final month of the year, is marked by a unique and diverse selection of birthstones, each with its own distinct history, symbolism, and gemological properties. Known for its cool winter hues and the symbolic themes of renewal and reflection, December is represented by a variety of gemstones: turquoise, zircon (particularly blue zircon), tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and blue topaz. These stones offer a wide range of colors, from the deep blues of lapis lazuli and turquoise to the vibrant violet of tanzanite and the warm gold of lapis lazuli. Each stone carries a legacy that spans thousands of years, making December’s birthstones not only beautiful but deeply meaningful to those born in this month.
This article explores the historical significance, geological properties, and cultural symbolism of each of December’s five birthstones. We will examine how these gemstones came to be associated with December, their physical and chemical characteristics, and the care required to preserve their beauty over time. Through this in-depth look, we aim to highlight why December’s birthstones are more than just adornments—they are symbols of identity, history, and personal meaning.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The concept of birthstones is ancient, with roots in biblical and early cultural traditions. The earliest known reference to birthstones comes from the Breastplate of Aaron in the Book of Exodus, which lists twelve gemstones, each associated with one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Although these stones differ from the modern list, they laid the foundation for the idea of assigning gemstones to months.
December’s birthstones have evolved significantly over time. The earliest December gemstone listed in the biblical tradition was ruby, but this association did not persist in modern times. The modern list of birthstones began to take shape in the 19th century and has changed several times since. Turquoise was the first to be designated as a December birthstone in 1870, followed by lapis lazuli in 1912. In 1952, zircon was added, and in 2002, tanzanite joined the list. Blue topaz was also added more recently, reflecting a growing appreciation for its beauty and affordability.
The inclusion of multiple stones for December is not arbitrary. Each gemstone represents a different aspect of the month and the people born during it. Turquoise and lapis lazuli, with their deep blue tones, symbolize the cold and mystery of winter. Tanzanite, with its rich violet color, adds a touch of warmth and uniqueness. Zircon, known for its brilliance and fire, brings a sense of vitality and energy. Blue topaz, with its serene blue hue, adds a calming presence to the mix. Together, these stones create a diverse and meaningful representation of December.
In ancient times, turquoise was highly valued in many cultures. It was used in jewelry, religious artifacts, and even as a currency. The Egyptians, Persians, and Chinese all revered turquoise for its protective and healing properties. Lapis lazuli was similarly prized, especially in ancient Egypt, where it was used to adorn royalty and was believed to bring wisdom and truth. Zircon, though less known today, has a long history in jewelry and was once used in place of diamonds due to its brilliance. Tanzanite, the youngest of the December birthstones, was only discovered in the 20th century and quickly became a symbol of luxury and exclusivity.
The cultural significance of these stones has endured through the centuries, with many people still believing in their metaphysical properties. Turquoise is often associated with protection and good fortune, while lapis lazuli is linked to wisdom and enlightenment. Zircon is believed to bring clarity and self-awareness, and tanzanite is associated with emotional balance and transformation. These beliefs, though varied by culture, reflect a shared appreciation for the symbolic power of gemstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones is formed through unique geological processes and can be found in specific regions around the world. Understanding these processes and locations adds to the appreciation of these gemstones.
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, formed through the interaction of water with copper-rich rocks. It typically forms in arid environments where copper deposits are exposed to weathering. The most famous source of turquoise is the Persian region, hence the name "Persian turquoise," but it is also found in the United States, particularly in the Southwest, as well as in China, Egypt, and Russia. Turquoise is often found in volcanic and sedimentary rock, and its color can vary from deep blue to green, depending on the mineral content.
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed of lazurite, calcite, and pyrite. It forms when sodium-rich minerals combine under high pressure and temperature. The most renowned source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other notable sources include Chile, Canada, and Russia. Lapis lazuli is known for its deep blue color, often flecked with golden pyrite, which gives it a starry appearance.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that occurs in a wide range of colors, including blue, green, red, and yellow. The blue variety, known as blue zircon, is particularly popular as a birthstone. Zircon is formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks and is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Sri Lanka, and Brazil. Blue zircon is created through heat treatment, which enhances its color and clarity.
Tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery, first found in Tanzania in 1967 near Mount Kilimanjaro. It is a type of zoisite and is known for its striking blue to violet color. Tanzanite is formed under specific geological conditions involving the presence of vanadium and high heat. It is found only in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
Blue topaz is a color-treated variety of topaz, which naturally occurs in a range of colors, including yellow, orange, and brown. The blue color is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, which alters the structure of the stone and enhances its color. Blue topaz is found in several countries, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States. It is one of the hardest December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale.
The rarity and uniqueness of each of these stones contribute to their value and appeal. Tanzanite, for example, is considered one of the most exclusive birthstones due to its limited geographic source. In contrast, turquoise and lapis lazuli have been used for centuries and carry a sense of historical continuity.
Gemological Properties
Each of December’s birthstones has distinct physical and chemical properties that define its appearance and durability.
| Gemstone | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Chemical Composition | Transparency | Refractive Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | Hydrated phosphate of aluminum | Opaque | 1.61–1.65 |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue with flecks of gold | 5–6 | Metamorphic rock (lazurite, calcite, pyrite) | Opaque | 1.50–1.70 |
| Blue Zircon | Blue, green, red, yellow | 6–7.5 | Zirconium silicate | Transparent to translucent | 1.92–2.00 |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | Zoisite with vanadium | Transparent | 1.69–1.70 |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Silicate of aluminum and fluorine | Transparent | 1.61–1.63 |
These properties influence how each stone is used in jewelry and how it should be cared for. Turquoise and lapis lazuli, being relatively soft and porous, require gentle handling to avoid scratches and discoloration. Zircon, with its higher hardness and brilliance, is more durable but can still be damaged if not cared for properly. Tanzanite and blue topaz are among the hardest December birthstones, making them suitable for everyday wear.
The refractive index and transparency of each stone affect how light interacts with it, contributing to its overall brilliance. Blue zircon, for example, is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, giving it a fire and sparkle similar to diamonds. Tanzanite’s color change under different lighting is another unique property that adds to its allure.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been attributed with various metaphysical properties and symbolic meanings. These beliefs, though not scientifically proven, continue to influence how people view and use gemstones.
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. It is believed to ward off negative energy and promote calmness and clarity. In many Native American cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone that connects the earth and sky. It is also believed to enhance communication and self-expression.
Lapis lazuli is linked to wisdom, truth, and intellectual power. It was used by ancient Egyptians to adorn the dead, symbolizing the journey to the afterlife. In medieval times, it was believed to bring divine inspiration and was often worn by scholars and artists. Lapis lazuli is also associated with emotional balance and inner peace.
Zircon, particularly blue zircon, is believed to enhance self-awareness and promote spiritual growth. It is associated with the heart chakra and is thought to help individuals overcome emotional blocks. Zircon is also believed to bring clarity and focus, making it a popular stone for meditation and introspection.
Tanzanite is associated with transformation and emotional healing. It is believed to help individuals release old patterns and embrace new beginnings. Tanzanite is also linked to the throat chakra and is thought to enhance communication and self-expression. Its rarity and beauty make it a symbol of luxury and exclusivity.
Blue topaz is believed to promote calmness, serenity, and emotional stability. It is associated with the third eye chakra and is thought to enhance intuition and spiritual insight. Blue topaz is also believed to attract good luck and positive energy, making it a popular choice for those seeking balance and harmony in their lives.
While the metaphysical properties of these stones are not scientifically validated, they continue to be an important part of their cultural and historical significance. Many people choose birthstones based on these beliefs, seeing them as more than just decorative objects but as powerful symbols of personal meaning.
Care and Maintenance
Proper care is essential to preserving the beauty and value of December’s birthstones. Each stone has specific requirements based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to chemicals and light.
Turquoise and lapis lazuli are both soft and porous, making them susceptible to scratches, discoloration, and water damage. They should be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm, soapy water. Exposure to sunlight, heat, and chemicals should be avoided, as these can cause fading or structural damage. These stones should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Blue zircon is more durable but still requires careful handling. It should be cleaned with a soft brush and warm water. Avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Zircon is sensitive to heat, so it should not be exposed to high temperatures for extended periods.
Tanzanite is relatively durable but can fade if exposed to prolonged sunlight. It should be stored in a cool, dark place when not in use. Cleaning should be done with a soft cloth and mild detergent. Tanzanite should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or extreme temperatures.
Blue topaz is the hardest of December’s birthstones and is more resistant to damage. It can be cleaned with a soft brush and warm soapy water. However, it should still be handled with care to avoid scratches and should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or extreme heat.
By following these care instructions, December birthstones can be enjoyed for a lifetime, maintaining their beauty and symbolic significance.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and blue topaz—represent a unique and diverse collection of gemstones, each with its own rich history, symbolism, and gemological properties. These stones have been valued for centuries for their beauty, rarity, and cultural significance. From the deep blue of lapis lazuli to the vibrant violet of tanzanite, each gemstone tells a story of its own, connecting wearers to a long legacy of tradition and meaning.
Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, historical significance, or metaphysical properties, December’s birthstones offer a meaningful way to celebrate the final month of the year. As symbols of protection, wisdom, and transformation, these stones continue to inspire and captivate those who wear them. With proper care and appreciation, these gemstones can be cherished for generations, preserving their beauty and significance for years to come.