August, the eighth month of the year, is associated with a rich and diverse selection of birthstones. Among them, Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx stand out for their distinct histories, geological origins, and symbolic meanings. This article delves into each of these gemstones, offering a comprehensive overview of their properties, cultural significance, and relevance in modern jewelry.
Introduction
Those born in August are uniquely blessed with three official birthstones: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx. Each of these gemstones has its own compelling story and set of attributes, making them not only beautiful but also deeply meaningful. Peridot is the most widely recognized and celebrated of the three, while Spinel and Sardonyx offer alternative choices with rich historical roots.
This article explores the geological formation, cultural lore, gemological properties, and modern applications of these stones. We examine their roles in jewelry, their symbolism across different cultures, and practical advice for their care and preservation. By the end of this piece, readers will gain a nuanced understanding of why these gemstones hold special significance for August birthdays and how they can be cherished in everyday wear.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones can be traced back to ancient times, with roots in biblical texts. In the Old Testament, Aaron’s Breastplate was adorned with twelve gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. These stones were believed to carry divine protection and spiritual power. Over time, this practice evolved into the modern concept of birthstones linked to each month of the year.
Peridot
Peridot has a long and storied history. Ancient Egyptians referred to it as the “gem of the sun,” believing it to be formed by the rays of the sun. The stone was also known in medieval Europe as the "evening emerald" because it was said to glow in the dark. Some sources suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually included peridot, due to the stone's similar color and appearance.
The name "peridot" may derive from the Arabic word "faridat," meaning "gem." This connection highlights the stone’s historical significance in the Middle East, where it was highly prized for its vibrant green color and perceived spiritual properties.
Peridot was also used in religious artifacts. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, for instance, contains peridot gemstones that were once mistaken for emeralds. This misidentification reflects the confusion that often existed between similar-colored gemstones in earlier centuries.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx, the original birthstone for August, has a history that stretches back over 4,000 years. This banded stone, composed of red sard and white onyx, was used extensively in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Sardonyx was favored for its durability and its suitability for carving into cameos and intaglios, which were used for seals and jewelry.
The stone was believed to offer protection and was associated with strength and confidence. In Roman times, sardonyx was worn by soldiers and politicians for its protective properties. It was also thought to bring good fortune and promote a sense of optimism and joy.
Spinel
Spinel is a relatively recent addition to the list of August birthstones, gaining recognition in the 20th century. This gemstone was often confused with ruby and other red gemstones due to its similar color and luster. Only in the past few decades have jewelers and gemologists begun to appreciate spinel for its unique beauty and affordability.
Spinel’s history is closely tied to the discovery and appreciation of red gemstones. For centuries, many spinels were misidentified as rubies, especially in royal collections. Today, spinel is celebrated for its brilliance and clarity, making it a popular alternative to more expensive red gems.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity, durability, and overall value.
Peridot
Peridot is one of the few gemstones that form deep within the Earth's mantle. Unlike most gemstones, which originate in the Earth’s crust, peridot is formed under extreme heat and pressure, often carried to the surface through volcanic activity. It is typically found in basalt rock and has also been discovered in meteorites, such as the Jepara meteorite in Java.
The color of peridot is determined by its iron content. The more iron present in the crystal structure, the deeper the green hue. Peridot is found in various parts of the world, including the United States, China, Pakistan, and Egypt. The U.S. state of Arizona is particularly known for its peridot deposits.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a form of microcrystalline quartz. It forms in sedimentary and volcanic rocks through the slow deposition of silica-rich water. The red bands in sardonyx are due to the presence of iron oxides, while the white bands are pure quartz. The alternating layers give the stone its distinctive banded appearance.
Sardonyx is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, India, and the United States. It is particularly abundant in regions with volcanic activity, where the conditions are ideal for the formation of chalcedony.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral that forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is found in a wide range of colors, from red and pink to blue and black. The red spinel, in particular, has a long history of being mistaken for ruby due to its similar color and luster.
Spinel is found in various parts of the world, including Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. The stone is relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it suitable for use in jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Each of these gemstones has unique physical and optical properties that contribute to their beauty and durability.
Peridot
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively durable but not as hard as diamonds or sapphires. Peridot is known for its vibrant green color, which can range from yellowish green to deep olive green. The color is caused by the presence of iron in the crystal structure.
Peridot has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70 and a specific gravity of 3.32 to 3.37. It is pleochroic, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This property adds to its visual appeal.
Peridot is often cut into round, oval, or cushion shapes to enhance its color and brilliance. It is also popular in faceted cuts and can be used in both fine and costume jewelry.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a form of microcrystalline quartz. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear. Sardonyx is known for its banded appearance, with alternating bands of red and white. The red color is due to the presence of iron oxides, while the white is pure quartz.
Sardonyx has a refractive index of 1.53 to 1.54 and a specific gravity of 2.58 to 2.64. It is typically cut into cabochons or beads, as its granular structure is not ideal for faceting. However, it can be carved into intricate designs, making it a popular choice for cameos and intaglios.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral that has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it harder than peridot and sardonyx. It has a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.718 and a specific gravity of 3.6 to 4.0. Spinel is known for its brilliance and clarity, especially in the red and pink varieties.
Spinel can be found in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, and black. The red spinel, in particular, is highly valued for its vibrant color and fire. Spinel is often cut into round, oval, or cushion shapes to enhance its brilliance and can be used in both fine and costume jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of these gemstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, which have been attributed to them across different cultures and historical periods.
Peridot
Peridot is associated with growth, prosperity, love, loyalty, and protection. It is often referred to as the "stone of healing" and is believed to promote emotional balance and inner peace. Peridot is also thought to enhance self-esteem and encourage positive thinking.
In ancient times, peridot was believed to have protective qualities and was used to ward off nightmares and negative energies. It was also used to promote love and loyalty in relationships. In modern times, peridot is associated with the zodiac sign Virgo and is believed to enhance the traits of this sign, such as organization, clarity, and analytical thinking.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is associated with protection, strength, and confidence. It is believed to enhance one’s ability to take action and make decisions with a clear mind. Sardonyx is also associated with optimism and joy, making it a popular stone for those seeking to boost their mood and energy levels.
In ancient times, sardonyx was used as a protective stone by warriors and leaders. It was believed to bring good fortune and protect against harm. Sardonyx is also associated with the zodiac sign Leo and is believed to enhance the traits of this sign, such as confidence, charisma, and leadership.
Spinel
Spinel is associated with courage, creativity, and willpower. It is believed to enhance self-respect and encourage a sense of purpose. Spinel is also associated with love and passion, making it a popular choice for romantic jewelry.
In ancient times, spinel was believed to have protective qualities and was used to promote a sense of security and confidence. It was also used to enhance the wearer’s ability to communicate and express their thoughts and feelings. Spinel is associated with the zodiac sign Leo and is believed to enhance the traits of this sign, such as confidence, charisma, and leadership.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of these gemstones. Each stone has specific requirements for cleaning and handling, based on its hardness and sensitivity to heat, light, and chemicals.
Peridot
Peridot is relatively soft and can be scratched easily. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water and a soft cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Peridot should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Peridot is sensitive to high heat and should be removed before exposing it to extreme temperatures. It is also advisable to avoid exposing peridot to harsh chemicals, as they can dull the stone’s luster.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is durable and can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. It can also be cleaned with a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as they can damage the stone’s structure.
Sardonyx is relatively hard and can be worn daily without significant wear. However, it is advisable to store sardonyx separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching. Sardonyx is also sensitive to high heat and should be removed before exposing it to extreme temperatures.
Spinel
Spinel is relatively hard and can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. It can also be cleaned with a soft cloth or brush. Spinel is resistant to scratches and can be worn daily without significant wear.
Spinel is also resistant to high heat and can be exposed to moderate temperatures without damage. However, it is advisable to avoid exposing spinel to harsh chemicals, as they can dull the stone’s luster.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx—each offer a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. Whether you are drawn to the vibrant green of peridot, the banded elegance of sardonyx, or the fiery brilliance of spinel, these gemstones make meaningful and meaningful gifts for those born in August.
Peridot, with its long history and spiritual significance, is the most widely recognized of the three. Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, brings with it a rich tradition of protection and strength. Spinel, a more recent addition, offers a dazzling alternative to ruby and is gaining popularity for its affordability and beauty.
Understanding the geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural symbolism of these stones allows for a deeper appreciation of their value. Whether you choose to wear them for their beauty, their historical significance, or their protective properties, these gemstones are sure to bring joy and meaning to those who wear them.