August is one of the few months with not one, but three official birthstones: peridot, spinel, and onyx. Each of these gemstones brings its own unique characteristics, history, and symbolism, offering a rich array of options for those born in this month. From the vivid green of peridot to the deep, bold hues of spinel and onyx, these stones reflect a diverse range of colors, properties, and cultural significances.
This article explores the origins, geological properties, historical importance, and cultural associations of peridot, spinel, and onyx. It delves into their formation, sources, and uses in jewelry, as well as their meanings in various traditions and the modern context. By the end, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of why these three gemstones are celebrated as the birthstones for August.
Introduction
August's birthstone list is unique in that it includes three distinct gemstones: peridot, spinel, and onyx. This multiplicity reflects both the evolving nature of birthstone traditions and the diversity of gemstones that have been historically associated with the month. Peridot, the most commonly recognized August birthstone, has a rich history and is known for its vibrant green hue. Spinel, though newer to the list, is a gem of exceptional beauty and rarity. Onyx, the "ancient" birthstone, has been used in jewelry for thousands of years and is prized for its durability and symbolic meaning.
Each of these gemstones has its own story, rooted in the geological processes that formed them and the cultural beliefs that have shaped their use over time. Understanding these stories not only deepens appreciation for the stones themselves but also highlights the broader significance of birthstones in jewelry and personal adornment.
History and Lore
The Origins of the August Birthstone Tradition
The tradition of birthstones dates back centuries, with roots in biblical and medieval European cultures. One of the earliest references is found in the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Old Testament, which featured twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, this concept evolved, and by the 15th century, a more structured list of birthstones was established in Europe.
The modern birthstone list was formalized in the 20th century by jewelers in the United States and Europe. While earlier lists often associated each month with a single gemstone, the contemporary approach has expanded to include multiple stones for some months. August is one such example, with peridot as its traditional birthstone and onyx and spinel added later to reflect the diversity and accessibility of gemstones.
Peridot: The Ancient Gem
Peridot is the most historically recognized August birthstone. It was known in ancient Egypt, where it was called the "gem of the sun" and was believed to be formed by fire. The gem was also associated with the volcano goddess Pele in Hawaiian mythology. Peridot was often mistaken for emerald or topaz due to its similar green color and has been used in royal and religious artifacts throughout history. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany, for instance, contains what was once thought to be emeralds but are now identified as peridots.
Onyx: The Timeless Stone
Onyx has been used as a birthstone for August since ancient times and is sometimes referred to as the "original" August birthstone. Its use in jewelry dates back over 4,000 years, with examples found in Egyptian tombs and Roman artifacts. Onyx was valued for its ability to be carved and polished into intricate designs, making it popular for cameos and beads. It was also believed to offer protection and strength, a belief that persists in various cultures today.
Spinels: The Modern Discovery
Spinel was only officially recognized as an August birthstone in 2016 by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America. This addition reflects a growing appreciation for this gemstone, which has often been mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its vibrant colors. Red spinel, in particular, was once considered a ruby, and some of the most famous gems in history may have been spinel instead of ruby. The inclusion of spinel in the August birthstone list acknowledges its beauty, durability, and historical significance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot: A Product of Volcanic Activity
Peridot is a mineral of the olivine group and is formed under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions deep within the Earth's mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, often found in basaltic lava flows or in meteorites. This extraterrestrial origin adds to its mystique, and peridot is sometimes referred to as "Pele’s Tears," a nod to the Hawaiian goddess of volcanoes.
Peridot is found in various parts of the world, including the United States (especially in Arizona and Hawaii), China, Pakistan, and Brazil. The color of peridot is due to the presence of iron in its chemical composition, which gives it its signature green hue. The most prized peridot stones are those with a vivid, almost emerald-like green.
Spinel: A Versatile and Durable Gem
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate and is known for its hardness and brilliance. It forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks and is often found in alluvial deposits. Spinel can occur in a wide range of colors, including red, blue, pink, orange, and black, due to trace elements like chromium, iron, or magnesium.
Spinel is mined in countries such as Myanmar, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. It is particularly valued for its clarity and fire, which are similar to those of ruby and sapphire. The inclusion of spinel in the August birthstone list highlights its beauty and the fact that it is often overlooked in favor of more well-known gemstones.
Onyx: A Stone of Many Colors
Onyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz. It is formed through the slow deposition of silica in sedimentary rock layers. Onyx is known for its banded appearance, with alternating layers of different colors. The most common type of onyx associated with August is sardonyx, which features a reddish-brown base with white banding.
Onyx is found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany. It is a relatively hard stone, making it suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications. Its ability to be carved into intricate shapes and patterns has made it a favorite among jewelers and artisans for centuries.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Chemical Composition | Transparency | Cut | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Yellowish green to greenish yellow | 6.5–7 | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | Transparent to translucent | Brilliant, step | United States, China, Brazil |
| Spinel | Red, blue, pink, orange, black | 8 | MgAl₂O₄ | Transparent to translucent | Brilliant, cushion | Myanmar, Tanzania, Sri Lanka |
| Onyx | Red, green, black, white (banded) | 6.5–7 | SiO₂ | Opaque to translucent | Cabochon, bead | India, Brazil, Uruguay |
Peridot
Peridot is known for its vivid green color, which ranges from yellowish green to deep olive green. Its hardness is 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable for everyday wear, though it is not as hard as rubies or sapphires. Peridot is typically cut in brilliant or step cuts to enhance its fire and clarity. It is also found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones with an extraterrestrial origin.
Spinel
Spinel is a versatile gemstone that can be found in a wide range of colors. The most popular is red spinel, which is often mistaken for ruby. Spinel has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than peridot. It is often cut in brilliant or cushion cuts to showcase its brilliance and fire. Spinel is also known for its clarity, with many stones being eye-clean.
Onyx
Onyx is typically opaque and is known for its banded appearance, especially in the case of sardonyx. It has a hardness of 6.5–7, making it suitable for jewelry. Onyx is often cut into cabochons, beads, or carved into cameos. Its ability to absorb light means that it is not known for its sparkle, but its deep, bold colors make it a striking choice for jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot has long been associated with the sun and is believed to bring warmth, joy, and positivity. In ancient Egypt, it was thought to be a gift from the sun god, Ra, and was used in amulets to protect against nightmares and evil spirits. Peridot is also believed to promote calmness and emotional balance, making it a popular stone for those seeking inner peace.
In modern times, peridot is often given as a gift to mark new beginnings, such as the start of a new job or a new relationship. Its vibrant green color is associated with growth, renewal, and vitality, making it a powerful symbol of hope and progress.
Spinel: The Stone of Passion and Strength
Spinel is often associated with passion, courage, and strength. Its deep red varieties are especially linked to love and vitality, while blue spinel is believed to promote calm and focus. In ancient times, spinel was thought to have protective properties and was used in amulets to ward off negative energy.
Spinel is also believed to enhance self-esteem and confidence, making it a popular choice for those who are seeking to assert themselves in both personal and professional settings. Its inclusion as an August birthstone reflects its growing recognition as a gemstone of both beauty and meaning.
Onyx: The Stone of Protection and Strength
Onyx has long been associated with protection, strength, and resilience. In ancient times, it was used in amulets and talismans to ward off negative energy and to provide courage in times of fear or uncertainty. Onyx is also believed to help with emotional balance, particularly in times of stress or anxiety.
In modern times, onyx is often used as a grounding stone, helping to stabilize emotions and promote a sense of calm. It is particularly valued in times of transition or change, offering a sense of security and support. Its bold colors and versatile appearance make it a popular choice for those who want to express their individuality through jewelry.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot
Peridot is relatively delicate compared to other gemstones and requires gentle care. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause damage. Peridot should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Spinel
Spinel is more durable than peridot and can be cleaned using standard jewelry cleaning methods. It is safe to use steam or ultrasonic cleaners, though care should be taken to avoid excessive heat or pressure. Spinel should be stored in a soft pouch or jewelry box to prevent scratches and damage.
Onyx
Onyx is a relatively hardy gemstone but should still be handled with care. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild detergent. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can dull its surface. Onyx should be stored in a dry place to prevent water spots and should be kept separate from harder gemstones to avoid scratching.
Conclusion
The three August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and onyx—each offer a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. Peridot, with its vibrant green color and ancient associations with the sun, has long been a favorite among jewelers and gem enthusiasts. Spinel, once overlooked in favor of ruby and sapphire, has gained recognition for its brilliance and versatility. Onyx, the "ancient" August birthstone, continues to be valued for its strength, protection, and timeless appeal.
These gemstones not only reflect the geological processes that formed them but also the cultural beliefs that have shaped their use over centuries. Whether chosen for their beauty, their meaning, or their rarity, peridot, spinel, and onyx are a testament to the enduring power of gemstones to connect us with the past and inspire the future.