Peridot, the birthstone for August, is more than just a gemstone—it is a mineral formed from the Earth's molten heart, a color that evokes the vibrancy of summer, and a symbol of warmth, strength, and prosperity. Known for its unique yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hues, peridot is a gemstone that stands out in both its geological formation and its cultural significance. As the primary modern birthstone for August, peridot has a rich history that stretches back thousands of years, and its story is interwoven with the history of ancient civilizations, volcanic activity, and even meteorites.
This article will explore peridot in depth, covering its historical uses, geological properties, symbolic meanings, and practical care tips. From its origins in the fiery depths of the Earth to its role as a beloved gemstone today, peridot offers a fascinating glimpse into the intersection of science, culture, and beauty.
History and Lore
Peridot has a long and storied history that spans ancient civilizations, medieval Europe, and modern times. Its use as a gemstone can be traced back to at least the second century BCE, where it was found in the jewelry of priests. In medieval Europe, peridot was used in the chalices and churches, symbolizing spiritual significance. The gemstone was also considered a protective talisman, believed to shield the wearer from evil spirits and "terrors of the night."
One of the most intriguing historical associations of peridot involves the famed Cleopatra. Many historians speculate that the emeralds in her collection may actually have been peridot. This theory is supported by the fact that peridot was often mistaken for emerald due to its similar green color. A notable example of this confusion is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, which was once thought to be adorned with emeralds but is now known to contain peridot.
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months dates back to the first century, but peridot was not always the designated August birthstone. It received its place in 1912, when the birthstone list was standardized. This designation was influenced by peridot's connection to volcanic activity—its formation in lava fields made it a fitting symbol for the warm month of August. In 2016, spinel was added as a secondary August birthstone, but peridot remains the most popular and well-known.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, and it is one of the few gemstones that occur naturally in only one color—green. The variations in its green tones are due to the amount of iron present in the mineral. The deeper the green, the higher the iron content, and the more valuable the stone tends to be. The most sought-after peridot is pure, grass green.
Peridot forms in volcanic rocks and is brought to the Earth's surface by magma. It can also be found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones with an extraterrestrial origin. The Egyptian island of Zabargad (formerly known as Topazios) is the oldest recorded source of peridot. Mining on the island began around 340–279 BCE, and the harsh conditions led to the island being called the "Island of Death" and "Ophiodes" ("snake island"). Despite these ominous names, peridot from Zabargad has been highly prized for centuries and is still considered among the finest in the world.
Today, peridot is found in several countries, including China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. In the U.S., Arizona is a notable source of peridot. It can also be found in exotic locations such as Peridot Beach in Hawaii, where the sands shimmer with a luminous green hue. Meteorites have also been found to contain peridot, adding to its unique geological story.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a unique gemstone in terms of its physical and optical properties. It has a refractive index ranging from 1.65 to 1.69, and a birefringence of 0.035 to 0.038. These properties contribute to its clarity and brilliance. Its specific gravity is 3.34, and its Mohs hardness is between 6.5 and 7. This hardness makes it a moderately resilient gemstone, though it is softer than many other popular gemstones like diamonds or rubies.
Peridot is not typically enhanced or treated, as it is found only in green and cannot be artificially colored. The most valuable peridot is pure green, without brown or yellow overtones. The gemstone's color is due to the presence of iron, and the deeper the green, the higher the concentration of iron in the stone.
One of the most notable characteristics of peridot is its single-color palette. Unlike many other gemstones that come in a range of colors, peridot is found exclusively in green shades, ranging from a pale, lime-green to a deep, olive green. This makes it a distinctive and easily recognizable gemstone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been associated with a variety of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. In ancient times, it was believed to have protective qualities, shielding the wearer from evil spirits and night terrors. It was also considered a symbol of strength, happiness, and good fortune. Those born in August are often given peridot as a birthstone to promote harmony in relationships and to attract wealth.
In modern times, peridot is still considered a powerful stone with positive energy. It is associated with the sun and is sometimes referred to as the "Gem of the Sun." This connection to the sun gives peridot a sense of warmth and vitality, making it a popular choice for those seeking to bring light and positivity into their lives.
Peridot is also believed to inspire clear thinking and instill a sense of peace and calm. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to help the wearer focus and achieve inner balance. Its green color is associated with growth, renewal, and harmony, making it a meaningful gemstone for those who value these qualities.
Peridot is also the gemstone used to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary, symbolizing the strength and enduring love of a long-lasting marriage.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness and susceptibility to scratches, peridot requires special care to maintain its beauty and longevity. It is not recommended for use in everyday rings, as it can be easily damaged. Instead, peridot is best suited for special occasion jewelry such as earrings, necklaces, and pendants.
When cleaning peridot, it is important to avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam, as these methods can cause damage. A gentle cleaning with warm soapy water and a soft brush is sufficient. After cleaning, the gemstone should be dried with a soft cloth to avoid water spots.
Peridot should also be stored carefully to prevent scratches. It is best to store it separately from harder gemstones, as it can be easily scratched by materials like diamonds or rubies. When not in use, peridot jewelry should be kept in a soft pouch or lined jewelry box to protect it from dust and potential damage.
Conclusion
Peridot is a gemstone with a rich history, unique geological properties, and meaningful symbolism. As the primary modern birthstone for August, it is a symbol of strength, happiness, and good fortune. Its connection to volcanic activity and its formation in the Earth's mantle make it a fascinating gemstone to study and appreciate. Whether worn for its beauty, its protective qualities, or its connection to the sun, peridot continues to be a beloved gemstone that has captured the hearts of people for centuries.
From its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern use in jewelry and spiritual practices, peridot remains a versatile and meaningful gemstone. Its vibrant green color and radiant energy make it a perfect choice for those born in August, as well as for anyone who appreciates the beauty and history of gemstones.