August is a month of distinction in the world of birthstones, boasting not one, but three gemstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each of these stones brings its own unique beauty, history, and symbolism to those born under this month. This article explores the geological formation, historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural symbolism of these August birthstones, drawing from authoritative and widely accepted sources in gemology and jewelry.
Introduction
The month of August is uniquely blessed in the world of gemstones, with three official birthstones designated by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and the Jewelers of America (JA). These are peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While peridot and sardonyx have long been associated with the month due to their historical use and distinctive appearance, spinel was officially added in 2016, reflecting a growing appreciation for this often-overlooked gemstone.
Peridot, known for its vivid green hue and fiery brilliance, has a long history of being mistaken for other gems like topaz and emerald. Sardonyx, a banded type of chalcedony, has been used for thousands of years in ancient jewelry and amulets, particularly by the Egyptians and Romans. Spinel, once confused with ruby and other red gems, has recently gained recognition for its vibrant colors and durability.
This article will delve into the individual properties of these gemstones, tracing their historical use, geological origins, and cultural symbolism. It will also provide practical advice on how to care for each stone, ensuring their beauty endures for generations.
History and Lore
Peridot: The "Gem of the Sun"
Peridot has a long and storied history that dates back to ancient civilizations. The gem is believed to have been used in Egypt as early as 1500 BCE, where it was often referred to as the "gem of the sun." In fact, the ancient Egyptians considered peridot a protective stone and often used it in jewelry and amulets to ward off evil spirits.
The gem’s association with the sun is also reflected in its name. The word “peridot” is derived from the French péridot, which in turn comes from the Latin perita, meaning “to protect.” The gem was once thought to have the power to guard against nightmares and negative energies.
One of the most fascinating aspects of peridot is its origin in meteorites and volcanic lava. Peridot is formed under extreme heat and pressure deep within the Earth's mantle or in extraterrestrial meteorites. This rare formation process gives peridot a unique composition and makes it one of the few gemstones that can be found in space.
Throughout history, peridot has often been confused with other green gems such as topaz and emerald. For example, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany's Cologne Cathedral is adorned with gems that were once believed to be emeralds, but are now identified as peridot. This misidentification underscores the gem’s similarity to other precious stones and its historical significance in royal and religious contexts.
Peridot also has a storied connection to Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen. Some historians believe that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have actually consisted of peridot. This speculation highlights the gem’s allure and its value in ancient times.
Sardonyx: The Stone of Strength and Protection
Sardonyx is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history that spans over 4,000 years. This banded chalcedony gem, which features layers of reddish-brown sard and white onyx, was highly valued in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Sardonyx was often carved into intricate seals, amulets, and cameos, and its use in jewelry and decorative arts was widespread.
The name sardonyx is derived from the Greek words sard (a type of red chalcedony) and onyx (a type of banded agate). The gem’s unique banding pattern and rich coloration made it a popular choice for intaglios and signet rings, which were used to imprint official documents and seals.
Sardonyx was believed to offer protection and strength. In ancient times, it was worn by warriors and leaders to enhance courage and ward off harm. The gem was also associated with the sun, much like peridot, and was thought to bring vitality and energy to the wearer.
Its use in ancient Egypt was particularly notable. Sardonyx was often inlaid in jewelry and decorative objects, and it was believed to have protective powers. It was also used in funerary practices, with sardonyx amulets placed in tombs to guide the deceased through the afterlife.
Spinel: The Rediscovered Treasure
Spinel is a relatively new addition to the list of August birthstones, having been officially recognized in 2016. This late recognition is due in part to the gem’s frequent misidentification with other stones, particularly ruby and garnet. Spinel comes in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, purple, and even black. The red variety, in particular, is often mistaken for ruby due to its similar appearance and luster.
Spinel has a fascinating history of being confused with other gems. For centuries, many red spinels were misclassified as rubies, especially in royal and historical collections. One of the most famous examples is the "Black Prince's Ruby," which is actually a large red spinel set in the crown of England. This highlights the historical significance of spinel and its often-overlooked role in royal and aristocratic jewelry.
In modern times, spinel has gained popularity due to its affordability and beauty. It is known for its durability and brilliance, making it an excellent alternative to ruby and other red gems. Spinel is also highly versatile in jewelry design, as it can be cut into a variety of shapes and is suitable for both everyday wear and special occasions.
Spinel has also been associated with various symbolic meanings. In gemological lore, it is often seen as a stone of hope and revitalization, helping the wearer to overcome stress and enhance self-esteem. This makes it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance and mental clarity.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot: Earth and Space Origins
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, which is composed of magnesium iron silicate. It is formed under intense heat and pressure, either deep within the Earth's mantle or in meteorites that have traveled from outer space. This unique formation process gives peridot its distinct green color and makes it one of the few gemstones that can be found in extraterrestrial environments.
The most significant sources of peridot are located in Arizona, the United States, and in volcanic regions in other parts of the world, including China, Brazil, and Myanmar. Peridot is also found in meteorites, such as the one that created the famous Arizona Meteorite Crater.
Peridot’s color ranges from a pale yellowish green to a deep olive green. The most valuable and sought-after peridot is a vivid lime green, often referred to as "Peridot Green." The gem’s color is directly related to its iron content; the higher the iron content, the deeper the green.
Sardonyx: A Banded Chalcedony
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is composed of layers of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a white or pale-colored chalcedony). The distinct banding in sardonyx is what gives it its unique appearance and makes it highly desirable in jewelry and decorative arts.
The primary sources of sardonyx include India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany. Sardonyx from India is particularly prized for its rich banding and deep coloration. In ancient times, sardonyx was often imported from India to be used in Egyptian and Roman jewelry and amulets.
Sardonyx is relatively soft compared to other gemstones, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. This means that it can be easily scratched and requires careful handling and storage.
Spinel: A Versatile and Durable Gem
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum oxide, and it forms in a wide range of colors due to variations in its chemical composition. The most well-known and valuable varieties are the red and pink spinels, which are often mistaken for ruby and garnet. However, spinel can also be found in colors such as blue, green, orange, and black.
Spinel is found in various parts of the world, including Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Tanzania, and Vietnam. The most famous spinel deposits are located in Burma, where the gem has been mined for centuries. Spinel is also found in meteorites and in metamorphic rocks.
Spinel is known for its durability and hardness, with a rating of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it a highly suitable gemstone for everyday wear, as it is resistant to scratches and damage. Its hardness and brilliance make it an excellent alternative to ruby and other red gems.
Gemological Properties
Peridot: Green Brilliance and Softness
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. This means that it requires careful handling and protection from scratches and impacts. Peridot is also sensitive to heat and can be damaged by high temperatures.
Peridot has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70, which gives it a moderate level of brilliance and sparkle. It is typically cut into a variety of shapes, including round, oval, and cushion cuts. The most valuable peridot stones are those with a deep green color and high clarity.
Peridot is also known for its pleochroism, meaning that it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This is due to the way light interacts with the gem’s internal structure.
Sardonyx: Banding and Matte Finish
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and prone to scratches. It is often carved into intricate designs and is commonly used in cameos, intaglios, and seals. The gem’s banding pattern and rich coloration make it highly desirable in jewelry and decorative arts.
Sardonyx has a refractive index of 1.53 to 1.54 and a waxy to dull luster. It is typically cut into cabochons, which enhances its banding and coloration. Sardonyx is also often used in combination with other gemstones in jewelry, where it adds texture and contrast.
Spinel: A Durable and Versatile Gem
Spinel has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest and most durable of the August birthstones. This makes it an excellent choice for everyday wear and for use in rings, pendants, and earrings. Spinel is also highly resistant to scratches and is less prone to damage than other gems.
Spinel has a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.755, which gives it a high level of brilliance and sparkle. It is often cut into a variety of shapes, including round, oval, and princess cuts. Spinel is also known for its clarity and color saturation, making it a popular choice in fine jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot: Hope, Abundance, and Emotional Clarity
Peridot is believed to bring good luck, abundance, and positive energy. It is often associated with the heart chakra, promoting love, compassion, and emotional balance. Peridot is also thought to protect against negativity and enhance mental clarity.
Peridot is considered a stone of hope and revitalization. It is said to help the wearer overcome stress and improve self-esteem. This makes it a popular choice for those seeking emotional healing and personal growth.
Sardonyx: Strength, Protection, and Courage
Sardonyx is associated with strength, protection, and courage. It is believed to enhance the wearer’s ability to overcome challenges and to provide a sense of security and stability. Sardonyx is also thought to help with self-discipline and focus.
Sardonyx is often used in amulets and talismans for protection and strength. It is particularly valued in ancient cultures for its ability to ward off negative energies and to enhance the wearer’s vitality and energy.
Spinel: Hope, Confidence, and Emotional Balance
Spinel is often seen as a stone of hope and revitalization. It is believed to help the wearer overcome stress and enhance self-esteem. Spinel is also thought to promote emotional balance and mental clarity.
Spinel is associated with the heart and solar plexus chakras, promoting love, confidence, and personal power. It is also believed to enhance creativity and intuition, making it a popular choice for those seeking inspiration and emotional growth.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot and Sardonyx: Gentle Cleaning and Protection
Peridot and sardonyx have a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which means they are relatively soft and require gentle cleaning. These gems should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone or its setting.
To protect peridot and sardonyx from scratches and damage, it is best to store them separately in a soft cloth or jewelry box. Avoid wearing these stones during activities that may expose them to impact or abrasive materials.
Spinel: Durable and Easy to Clean
Spinel has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest and most durable of the August birthstones. This makes it suitable for everyday wear and for use in rings, pendants, and earrings.
Spinel can be cleaned using a variety of methods, including ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners. It is also safe to use warm, soapy water and a soft brush for cleaning.
To keep spinel looking its best, it is best to store it in a separate compartment in a jewelry box to avoid scratches. Spinel is also highly resistant to heat and can be safely cleaned with warm water.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each bring their own unique beauty, history, and symbolism to those born in this month. Peridot, with its vibrant green hue and fiery brilliance, has a long history of being mistaken for other gems like topaz and emerald. Sardonyx, a banded chalcedony with a rich red and white coloration, has been used for thousands of years in ancient jewelry and amulets. Spinel, once confused with ruby and other red gems, has recently gained recognition for its durability and versatility in jewelry design.
These gemstones are not only beautiful but also carry deep historical and cultural significance. Whether used in fine jewelry, decorative objects, or amulets, peridot, spinel, and sardonyx continue to captivate and inspire. Their unique properties, from their geological origins to their symbolic meanings, make them a treasured part of the world of gemstones.
For those born in August, or for those seeking a meaningful gift for an August birthday, these gemstones offer a beautiful and lasting connection to the past and present. With proper care and appreciation, these stones can continue to shine for generations to come.