August, a month of summer warmth and vibrant energy, is uniquely represented by three distinct birthstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. Unlike most months, which are associated with one or two gemstones, August stands out for its trio of stones, each offering a different color palette, history, and symbolism. These gemstones have been cherished for centuries, and their significance continues to evolve in the modern jewelry world. This article delves into the rich history, gemological properties, and cultural significance of the August birthstones, providing a comprehensive understanding of their allure and relevance.
Introduction
The tradition of birthstones dates back to biblical times, with the Breastplate of Aaron, a sacred artifact described in the Book of Exodus, featuring 12 stones representing the 12 tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones were associated with the 12 zodiac signs and eventually the months of the year. Today, the modern list of birthstones was established by the American National Association of Jewelers in the 1950s and has since been updated by organizations such as the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) and the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA). August, in particular, is distinguished by three birthstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—each with a unique place in history and gemology.
This article explores the origins, properties, and symbolism of each of these stones, as well as their practical applications in jewelry and care instructions. Whether you're an August-born individual, a jewelry buyer, or a gemstone enthusiast, understanding these stones provides insight into their enduring appeal and value.
History and Lore
Peridot
Peridot has a long and storied history that dates back to ancient times. It was highly valued by the ancient Egyptians, who mined it from the island of St. John’s in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad. This island was the primary source of peridot for centuries, and the gem was often referred to as the "gem of the sun." The Egyptians believed that peridot had protective qualities and could ward off evil spirits, especially when set in gold. Some sources suggest that Cleopatra's famous emerald collection may have actually been composed of peridot, highlighting its prominence in the ancient world.
Peridot was also used in religious and ceremonial contexts. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral in Germany, for example, contains 200 carats of what were believed to be emeralds, but are now identified as peridot. This demonstrates how peridot was often mistaken for other green gemstones due to its similar appearance.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx, a type of chalcedony, has a history that stretches back over 4,000 years. It was one of the earliest known birthstones for August and was highly valued in ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Sardonyx is characterized by its reddish-brown body color with white banding, and it was often carved into cameos and intaglios. The stone was believed to bring courage, strength, and protection to the wearer. In medieval Europe, sardonyx was used in signet rings, which were used for sealing documents and symbolizing authority.
Spinel
Spinel, the youngest of the three August birthstones, was officially added in 2016 by the American Gem Trade Association. For centuries, spinel was mistaken for ruby and other red gemstones. It wasn't until the 19th century that gemologists began to distinguish spinel from ruby based on its refractive index and chemical composition. Spinel can be found in a wide range of colors, including red, orange, pink, and even blue, making it a versatile and beautiful gemstone. Its recent recognition as an official August birthstone reflects the growing appreciation for its beauty and rarity.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot
Peridot is a magnesium iron silicate mineral, and its formation is closely tied to volcanic activity. It is one of the few gemstones that can be found in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. On Earth, peridot is often found in volcanic rocks and lava flows, as it is formed under extreme conditions. It is also found in meteorites, which have brought it from outer space. The most notable terrestrial sources of peridot include the United States, particularly in Arizona and Hawaii, as well as in Egypt, Burma (Myanmar), and China.
Peridot's color ranges from yellowish green to deep olive green, and the most valuable stones are those with a vivid, lime-green hue. The color variation is due to the presence of iron in the mineral structure. Peridot is relatively abundant compared to other gemstones, which makes it more affordable and accessible.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, which is a form of quartz. It is formed through the deposition of silica-rich water in sedimentary rocks over long periods of time. The reddish-brown color of sardonyx comes from iron impurities, while the white banding is due to the presence of pure chalcedony. Sardonyx is primarily sourced from India, but it can also be found in Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany. The stone is often cut into cabochons or carved into intricate designs, making it a popular choice for antique and classical jewelry.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum oxide, and it forms in both igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is found in a variety of colors, including red, pink, orange, and even black. The red varieties of spinel are particularly similar to ruby, which led to many historical misidentifications. Spinel is found in several countries, including Myanmar, Tanzania, Vietnam, and Madagascar. The most famous spinel is the "Black Prince’s Ruby," a large red spinel set in the crown of the United Kingdom. This demonstrates the historical significance of spinel and its potential for beauty and value.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of the August birthstones is essential for both gemologists and jewelry buyers. These properties include hardness, color, clarity, and refractive index, all of which affect the stone's durability, appearance, and value.
Peridot
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively durable but not as hard as diamonds or corundum (sapphires and rubies). Its color ranges from yellowish green to greenish yellow, with the most valuable stones exhibiting a vivid lime-green hue. Peridot has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.69 and is singly refractive, meaning it does not have a double image effect like some other gemstones. It has no cleavage, which makes it less prone to chipping or breaking, but it can be susceptible to scratches if not handled carefully.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, similar to peridot. It is a translucent to opaque stone with a waxy to vitreous luster. The red coloration is due to iron impurities, and the white banding is caused by the presence of pure chalcedony. Sardonyx is often cut into cabochons or carved into intricate designs, and it is particularly well-suited for engraving and cameo work. It has no cleavage and is relatively durable, making it suitable for everyday wear in the right setting.
Spinel
Spinel has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest of the three August birthstones. It is available in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, and even black. Spinel has a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.834, which gives it a brilliant sparkle. It is singly refractive and has no cleavage, which makes it highly durable and suitable for use in a variety of jewelry settings. The red varieties of spinel are particularly valuable and are often mistaken for ruby, especially in older pieces of jewelry.
Comparison Table
| Gemstone | Hardness (Mohs) | Color Range | Refractive Index | Luster | Clarity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | 6.5 – 7 | Yellowish green to deep olive | 1.65 – 1.69 | Vitreous | Transparent |
| Sardonyx | 6.5 – 7 | Reddish brown with white banding | Varies | Waxy to vitreous | Translucent to opaque |
| Spinel | 8 | Red, pink, orange, black | 1.718 – 1.834 | Vitreous | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The August birthstones are not only valued for their beauty and durability but also for their symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. These beliefs have evolved over time and vary across cultures, but they often emphasize the positive qualities associated with each stone.
Peridot
Peridot is often associated with positive energy, renewal, and protection. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to have the power to ward off nightmares and evil spirits. It was also used as a symbol of hope and light, particularly during times of darkness. In modern times, peridot is thought to promote calmness, stability, and emotional healing. It is especially recommended for those who may be experiencing anxiety or stress, as it is believed to help restore balance and inner peace.
Peridot is also associated with the sun, and it is often worn by those born in August to harness its vibrant energy. It is believed to enhance one's confidence and encourage a positive outlook on life.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has long been associated with strength, courage, and protection. In ancient times, it was believed to give the wearer the ability to face challenges with confidence and composure. It was often worn by warriors and leaders to inspire bravery and determination. Sardonyx is also thought to promote discipline and willpower, making it an ideal stone for those who are seeking to overcome obstacles or achieve their goals.
In addition to its protective qualities, sardonyx is also associated with communication and clarity. It is believed to help the wearer express their thoughts and emotions more clearly, making it a useful stone for those who struggle with self-expression or social interactions.
Spinel
Spinel is a relatively new addition to the August birthstone list, but it has a long history of being associated with passion, love, and vitality. In ancient times, it was believed to have the power to bring good fortune and protect the wearer from harm. Spinel is also thought to promote emotional healing and balance, particularly in relationships. It is especially recommended for those who are looking to deepen their connections with others or to find love.
Spinel is also associated with energy and vitality, making it a popular choice for those who need a boost in their physical or mental stamina. It is believed to help the wearer stay motivated and focused, even in the face of adversity.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of any gemstone. Each of the August birthstones has specific care requirements based on its hardness, composition, and sensitivity to environmental factors.
Peridot
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which means it can be scratched by harder materials such as topaz or corundum. To clean peridot jewelry, it is best to use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone. It is also important to store peridot jewelry separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Peridot is sensitive to heat and can lose its color if exposed to high temperatures. Therefore, it should be kept away from direct sunlight or heat sources. When not in use, it is best to store peridot in a soft pouch or a jewelry box to protect it from dust and damage.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a relatively durable stone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is not as sensitive to heat as peridot, but it can still be damaged by harsh chemicals or abrasive materials. To clean sardonyx, it is best to use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause the stone to crack or lose its luster.
Sardonyx is also sensitive to oil and dirt, so it should be cleaned regularly to maintain its appearance. It is best to store sardonyx separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches and to keep it in a cool, dry place.
Spinel
Spinel is one of the hardest of the August birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It is highly durable and can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Spinel can also be cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners, but it is important to check for any gold or silver settings that may be sensitive to these methods.
Spinel is relatively stable and does not lose its color when exposed to light or heat. However, it is still best to store it in a cool, dry place when not in use. Spinel is also resistant to scratches, but it should still be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent damage.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—each have a unique place in the history of gemology and jewelry. Peridot, with its vibrant green color and ancient associations, has been cherished for thousands of years. Sardonyx, with its deep red banding and historical significance, has been a symbol of strength and courage. Spinel, the newest of the three, brings a vibrant range of colors and a modern appeal that reflects the evolving tastes of the jewelry industry.
These gemstones are not only beautiful but also rich in symbolism and meaning. Whether worn for their protective qualities, their emotional benefits, or simply for their aesthetic appeal, the August birthstones continue to captivate and inspire. Understanding their properties, history, and care requirements allows for a deeper appreciation of these gems and ensures that they remain treasured for generations to come.