August, named in honor of the Roman Emperor Augustus, is a month synonymous with grandeur and legacy. In the world of gemstones, it holds an equally distinguished place, being associated with not one, but three birthstones: sardonyx, peridot, and spinel. These gemstones, each with its own rich history, unique properties, and cultural significance, offer a diverse and compelling choice for those born in this month. Together, they form a triad of stones that celebrate the multifaceted nature of August, reflecting its historical roots, gemological intrigue, and enduring symbolism.
This article provides an in-depth exploration of the three August birthstones, examining their geological origins, gemological characteristics, historical and cultural significance, and care requirements. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this guide offers a comprehensive overview of the stones that make August a gemstone-rich month.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with months of the year dates back centuries, with the earliest known records tracing to the 1st century AD. The modern list of birthstones was standardized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers, which later became the Jewelers of America. At that time, sardonyx and peridot were designated as the official birthstones for August. This pairing reflected the historical use of these stones in jewelry and their symbolic meanings, which were deeply rooted in ancient traditions.
Sardonyx, the oldest of the August birthstones, has a long and storied history. Composed of two types of chalcedony—sard and onyx—it was prized by the ancient Romans for its durability and striking banding. Roman soldiers often wore sardonyx as a protective talisman, believing it brought good fortune and courage in battle. The stone also appears in the Old Testament, where it is mentioned as one of the stones set in the High Priest’s breastplate. In Egypt and Greece, sardonyx was used in seals and rings, symbolizing power and authority.
Peridot, the second of August’s birthstones, has a history that spans both myth and science. Known for its vibrant green hue, peridot has often been mistaken for emerald and topaz. Its name may derive from the Arabic word "faridat," meaning gem, or from the Greek word "peridona," meaning "to give plenty." Peridot was highly valued in ancient times and has been found in archaeological sites across the Middle East and Europe. Notably, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany's Cologne Cathedral is adorned with peridot, previously mistaken for emerald. Some historians suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted of peridot.
Spinel, the third and youngest addition to August’s birthstone lineup, was officially recognized in 2016 by the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association. For centuries, spinel was often confused with ruby, particularly in royal collections where it was prized for its vibrant red color. However, once its distinct identity was acknowledged, spinel gained recognition for its brilliance and versatility. The addition of spinel to the August birthstone list not only expanded the options for gemstone lovers but also highlighted the importance of this often-overlooked gem.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of the three August birthstones originates from unique geological processes and is found in specific locations around the world.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, a mineral in the quartz family. It forms when silica-rich solutions deposit layers of sard and onyx in sedimentary rock formations over time. These layers create the distinctive banding that is characteristic of sardonyx. The stone is primarily sourced from India, Brazil, and the United States, with smaller deposits found in Mexico and Africa. The most prized sardonyx is known for its deep red sard bands contrasted with white or black onyx.
Peridot
Peridot is a form of the mineral olivine, which is composed primarily of magnesium and iron silicates. It forms under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth's mantle, often brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Peridot can also be found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones with extraterrestrial origins. The most notable sources of peridot include the United States (especially Arizona), Burma (Myanmar), China, and Egypt. The island of Zabargad, located in the Red Sea, was a historically significant source of high-quality peridot.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate. It forms in a variety of geological environments, including metamorphic and igneous rocks. The most valuable spinel gemstones are found in Myanmar, where they have been mined for centuries. Other notable sources include Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Vietnam. Spinel is known for its wide range of colors, from deep red and pink to blue, green, and even colorless. The red spinel, often mistaken for ruby, has been used in royal jewelry collections and was highly prized in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of each August birthstone is essential for appreciating their beauty and durability. These properties include hardness, color, clarity, and refractive index, which influence how the stones are cut, worn, and cared for.
Sardonyx
- Hardness: Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable and suitable for everyday wear.
- Color: The stone is characterized by alternating bands of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a white or black chalcedony).
- Clarity: Sardonyx is typically clear to slightly translucent, with minimal inclusions.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index ranges from 1.43 to 1.53.
- Luster: Sardonyx has a waxy to vitreous luster when polished.
Peridot
- Hardness: Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively durable but not as hard as many other gemstones.
- Color: Peridot is known for its range of green hues, from yellowish-green to olive green, depending on the amount of iron in the stone.
- Clarity: Peridot is usually clear to slightly included, with inclusions that are often visible to the naked eye.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of peridot ranges from 1.65 to 1.70.
- Luster: Peridot has a vitreous luster when polished.
Spinel
- Hardness: Spinel has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it harder and more durable than both sardonyx and peridot.
- Color: Spinel exhibits a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, green, and even colorless. The most valuable spinel is the deep red variety, often referred to as "ruby spinel."
- Clarity: Spinel is typically very clear, with few inclusions.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of spinel ranges from 1.71 to 1.72.
- Luster: Spinel has a vitreous luster when polished.
| Gemstone | Hardness (Mohs) | Color Range | Refractive Index | Luster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sardonyx | 6.5–7 | Reddish-brown and white/black | 1.43–1.53 | Waxy to vitreous |
| Peridot | 6.5–7 | Yellowish-green to olive green | 1.65–1.70 | Vitreous |
| Spinel | 8 | Red, pink, blue, green, colorless | 1.71–1.72 | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the August birthstones carries its own set of symbolic and metaphysical properties, which have been passed down through generations and cultures.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has long been associated with protection, courage, and spiritual strength. In ancient Rome, it was believed to bring good fortune to soldiers and to ward off evil. The stone was also used in seals and rings to symbolize authority and power. In modern times, sardonyx is thought to promote self-discipline, encourage open communication, and foster positive relationships. It is also believed to bring prosperity and success, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their personal and professional lives.
Peridot
Peridot is often referred to as the "gem of the sun," symbolizing light, warmth, and positivity. In ancient times, it was believed to bring good luck and ward off nightmares. Some cultures associated peridot with the tears of the volcano goddess Pele, believing it to carry the power of fire and transformation. In more modern metaphysical traditions, peridot is seen as a stone of renewal, helping to release negative emotions and encourage personal growth. It is also believed to promote heart health and overall well-being, making it a popular choice for those seeking to improve their physical and emotional health.
Spinel
Spinel has been associated with passion, courage, and vitality. In the past, it was believed to bring strength and protection to those who wore it. The deep red spinel, in particular, was thought to enhance love and passion, making it a popular choice for romantic jewelry. In modern times, spinel is often associated with creativity and inspiration, helping to stimulate the mind and encourage new ideas. It is also believed to promote emotional balance and to help individuals overcome feelings of anxiety and fear.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and maintenance are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of August birthstone jewelry. Each stone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, sensitivity to chemicals, and susceptibility to damage.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is relatively durable and can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. It can be worn on a daily basis, but should be protected from sharp impacts that could chip or scratch the surface. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, as these can dull the stone's luster. Sardonyx should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Peridot
Peridot is a bit more delicate than sardonyx, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. While it can be worn on a daily basis, it is advisable to avoid exposing it to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals. Cleaning peridot with a soft cloth and mild soap is recommended, and ultrasonic cleaners should be used with caution, as they can sometimes cause damage. Peridot should be stored in a soft pouch to prevent scratches from other stones.
Spinel
Spinel is the hardest of the three August birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it highly durable and suitable for everyday wear. Spinel can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water or with an ultrasonic cleaner. It is resistant to most chemicals and can be exposed to normal wear and tear without significant damage. Spinel should be stored in a soft pouch to prevent scratches from other gemstones.
Conclusion
August’s three birthstones—sardonyx, peridot, and spinel—offer a fascinating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. Each stone has its own unique story, from the ancient Roman talismans of sardonyx to the sunlit brilliance of peridot and the regal allure of spinel. These gemstones not only add a touch of elegance to jewelry but also carry deep cultural and metaphysical significance. Whether chosen for their historical roots, gemological properties, or symbolic meanings, the August birthstones are a testament to the enduring appeal of gemstones in both ancient and modern times.
For those born in August, these stones represent more than just a personal connection—they are a celebration of the month’s rich heritage and the enduring fascination with gemstones. Whether worn as a necklace, a ring, or an earring, these stones continue to captivate and inspire, making August a truly gemstone-rich month.