September, a month of transition from the warmth of summer to the cool embrace of autumn, holds a special place in the world of gemstones. Known for its vibrant colors and symbolic depth, the month of September is associated with three distinct gemstones: sapphire, lapis lazuli, and aventurine. Each of these stones carries a unique history, meaning, and set of gemological properties that have captivated people for centuries.
This article explores the September birthstones in detail, covering their geological formation, historical significance, symbolism, and care tips. Whether you're a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this comprehensive guide will provide you with the knowledge to appreciate these beautiful stones.
History and Lore
The sapphire has long been a symbol of royalty, wisdom, and truth. Its name derives from the Greek word sappheiros, meaning "blue stone." Historically, sapphires were believed to possess protective and healing properties. In ancient Greece and Rome, blue sapphires were thought to shield their owners from harm and envy. During the Middle Ages, clergymen wore sapphires to symbolize Heaven. The ancient Persians even believed that the Earth rested on a giant sapphire, giving the sky its blue color.
Sapphires have also been associated with fidelity and the soul. In medieval Europe, the gem was thought to cure plague boils and diseases of the eye and to serve as an antidote to poison. These beliefs, while not scientifically supported, highlight the deep cultural significance of the sapphire.
Lapis lazuli, another September birthstone, has a similarly rich history. Known for its deep blue color, lapis lazuli was often mistaken for sapphire in ancient times. It was highly valued in ancient Egypt, where it was used in jewelry and amulets. The stone was believed to illuminate the mind, aid communication, and offer protection. Lapis lazuli was also used in pigments and was a favorite among Renaissance artists.
Aventurine, the third September birthstone, is associated with the zodiac sign Virgo. It is a beautiful green stone known for its connection to abundance, empathy, and creativity. Some believe aventurine is linked to the kingdom of the gods, adding to its mystical allure.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are formed from the mineral corundum, which is inherently colorless. The presence of trace elements like iron, titanium, chromium, copper, and others gives sapphires their vibrant colors. While the most famous sapphires are blue, the gem can also be found in orange, yellow, green, pink, and purple. Sapphires are among the hardest gemstones, ranking at 9 on the Mohs scale, second only to diamonds.
Sapphires are found in various parts of the world, including Asia, the United States, Australia, and parts of Africa. Notable sources include Kashmir, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Each location produces sapphires with distinct characteristics, making them highly sought after by collectors and jewelers.
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with varying amounts of other minerals like pyrite and calcite. It forms under high pressure and temperature conditions, often in regions with ancient geological activity. Afghanistan is the most famous source of lapis lazuli, although it can also be found in Russia, Chile, and the United States.
Aventurine is a type of quartz that gets its name from the Italian word avventurare, meaning "to take a chance," due to the sparkling effect caused by inclusions of mica or other minerals. It is typically found in areas with granite or metamorphic rock formations. Brazil, India, and China are major sources of aventurine.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of these stones helps in identifying and caring for them properly.
Sapphire
- Chemical Formula: Al₂O₃ (with trace elements)
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Blue, orange, yellow, green, pink, purple
- Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Specific Gravity: 3.95–4.10
- Cleavage: Basal (perfect)
- Common Sources: Kashmir, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Australia, United States
Lapis Lazuli
- Chemical Composition: Lazurite, calcite, pyrite
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Deep blue with gold flecks (pyrite)
- Luster: Waxy to dull
- Transparency: Opaque
- Specific Gravity: 2.4–2.6
- Cleavage: Uneven
- Common Sources: Afghanistan, Russia, Chile, United States
Aventurine
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (quartz) with inclusions of mica or other minerals
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Green, blue, red, orange
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Translucent to opaque
- Specific Gravity: 2.6–2.7
- Cleavage: None
- Common Sources: Brazil, India, China
Table: Comparative Gemological Properties of September Birthstones
| Property | Sapphire | Lapis Lazuli | Aventurine |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ with trace elements | Lazurite, calcite, pyrite | SiO₂ with inclusions |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 | 5–6 | 6.5–7 |
| Color | Blue, orange, yellow, green, pink, purple | Deep blue with gold flecks | Green, blue, red, orange |
| Luster | Vitreous | Waxy to dull | Vitreous |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent | Opaque | Translucent to opaque |
| Specific Gravity | 3.95–4.10 | 2.4–2.6 | 2.6–2.7 |
| Cleavage | Basal (perfect) | Uneven | None |
| Common Sources | Kashmir, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Australia, United States | Afghanistan, Russia, Chile, United States | Brazil, India, China |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the September birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Sapphire
Sapphires have long been associated with wisdom, truth, and nobility. In many cultures, blue sapphires symbolize fidelity and the soul. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed that sapphires protected their owners from harm and envy. In medieval Europe, sapphires were thought to cure diseases of the eye and to be an antidote to poison. The gemstone is also linked to royalty and has been a favorite among monarchs throughout history.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is known for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite. It has been associated with illumination, communication, and protection. In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was used in amulets and jewelry, believed to bring wisdom and protection. The stone is also said to enhance mental clarity and stimulate the third eye chakra, promoting spiritual awareness.
Aventurine
Aventurine is a stone of abundance, creativity, and empathy. It is particularly associated with the zodiac sign Virgo and is believed to enhance one's ability to manifest goals. Aventurine is also said to be connected to the kingdom of the gods, adding to its mystical properties. The stone is often used in meditation and is believed to bring calmness and balance to the wearer.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of September birthstones. Each stone has unique requirements based on its hardness and structure.
Sapphire
Sapphires are among the hardest gemstones, with a rating of 9 on the Mohs scale. This makes them durable and suitable for everyday wear. However, they can still be damaged by hard knocks or exposure to harsh chemicals.
- Cleaning: Use warm, soapy water and a soft brush to clean sapphires. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners if the stone has inclusions or is treated with heat or fractures.
- Storage: Store sapphires separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. A soft cloth or jewelry box is ideal.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a relatively soft stone, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. It is opaque and can be easily damaged by exposure to water, heat, or chemicals.
- Cleaning: Clean lapis lazuli with a dry or slightly damp cloth. Avoid using water or chemicals, as they can cause the stone to lose its luster.
- Storage: Store lapis lazuli in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. A soft cloth or jewelry box is recommended.
Aventurine
Aventurine is a durable stone with a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale. It is generally easy to care for and suitable for everyday wear.
- Cleaning: Clean aventurine with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners if the stone has inclusions.
- Storage: Store aventurine in a cool, dry place. A soft cloth or jewelry box is ideal.
Conclusion
September is a month rich in symbolism and tradition, and its birthstones reflect this in their beauty and significance. The sapphire, with its deep blue hues and long association with royalty, remains the most well-known of the three. Lapis lazuli, with its ancient roots and mystical properties, offers a unique alternative, while aventurine, linked to the zodiac sign Virgo, brings a touch of abundance and creativity.
Understanding the history, gemological properties, and care requirements of these stones allows for a deeper appreciation of their value. Whether worn as jewelry or used in spiritual practices, September birthstones continue to captivate and inspire.