Ruby, the deep red gemstone revered for its brilliance and rarity, holds a prominent place in the world of birthstones. As the birthstone for the month of July, ruby is more than just a stunning adornment—it is a symbol of love, vitality, and strength. Known as the "king of precious stones," ruby has captivated civilizations for centuries, from ancient India and Burma to modern jewelry collections around the globe.
This article delves into the rich history, gemological properties, and cultural significance of ruby. We will explore its origins, the science behind its color, and the legends that have surrounded it for millennia. Additionally, we will discuss ruby’s role in the jewelry industry, its symbolism in different cultures, and how to care for this precious gem.
History and Lore
Ruby’s allure is not a modern invention. Its history is steeped in the traditions of ancient cultures, where it was often reserved for royalty and the elite. In ancient India, ruby was known as ratnaraj, meaning "king of precious stones." This title was not merely a name—it reflected the stone’s association with power, vitality, and divine favor. Indian jewelers believed that ruby’s deep red color mirrored the life-giving power of blood, and it was often worn as a talisman to bring courage and youthful energy to its wearer.
The ancient Burmese, too, held ruby in high esteem. They believed that the gemstone granted its wearer invincibility in battle. Burmese kings were often crowned as “Lord of the Rubies,” and it was customary for miners to surrender large ruby stones to the royal family. The Mogok area in Myanmar, still one of the most famous sources of high-quality rubies today, has been producing these gems for over 500 years. The red stones from this region are especially prized for their vibrant color and unique inclusions, which give them a glowing, almost ethereal appearance.
In Europe, ruby was also considered a gem of great importance. The French poet who wrote the 19th-century work “Lapidaire en Vers” poetically described ruby as a stone "placed on Aaron’s neck by Christ’s command," elevating it to a divine status. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder even theorized that rubies were formed by fire from the sky—lightning strikes, to be exact. In Germany, rubies were referred to as “Donnerkeil,” or “thunderbolt,” echoing this belief in their celestial origin.
By the early 20th century, ruby was officially designated as the modern birthstone for July by the National Association of Jewelers, now known as the Jewelers of America. This decision was not arbitrary; ruby had long been associated with July in various traditions, often linked to themes of love, strength, and protection—qualities that are especially fitting for those born in the summer months.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). In its purest form, corundum is colorless, but the presence of trace elements alters its hue. Ruby gets its iconic red color from the element chromium. Chromium replaces some of the aluminum atoms in the crystal lattice, absorbing certain wavelengths of light and reflecting the vibrant red that we see.
The color of a ruby can range from orangy-red to slightly purplish-red. The most desirable and valuable rubies are those with a pure red or slightly purplish red hue. These colors are especially striking under different lighting conditions, as the gemstone can appear to change subtly in tone depending on the angle and intensity of the light.
Historically, Myanmar (formerly Burma) was the primary source of the finest rubies in the world. The Mogok Stone Tract, a region in central Myanmar, has been a major ruby-producing area for centuries. Rubies from this region are known for their intense color and unique inclusions, which often resemble silk-like clouds. These inclusions are not flaws but rather characteristics that can enhance the gem’s beauty and value, especially when they contribute to a glowing fluorescence.
In addition to Myanmar, rubies are also found in several other countries, each producing stones with their own unique characteristics:
- Vietnam: Vietnamese rubies are known for their deep red color and high clarity.
- India: The Kolar Gold Fields in India are a source of ruby, though production is limited compared to other regions.
- East Africa and the Middle East: Countries such as Tanzania and Afghanistan are also known for ruby deposits.
- Thailand: While Thailand is famous for its sapphires, it has also produced rubies with a more orange-red hue.
- Madagascar and Mozambique: These African countries have become significant sources of ruby in recent years, with Mozambique producing some of the largest and most vibrant rubies.
Ruby deposits are typically found in metamorphic rocks, often in association with marble or other types of rock that have undergone high pressure and temperature over long periods. The formation of ruby requires specific geological conditions, making it relatively rare and highly valued in the gemstone market.
Gemological Properties
Ruby is not only beautiful but also remarkably durable, which makes it an excellent choice for everyday jewelry. On the Mohs Hardness Scale, which measures a gemstone’s resistance to scratching, ruby ranks a 9 out of 10, second only to diamond. This high hardness means that rubies can withstand normal wear and tear without easily scratching or chipping, making them ideal for rings, bracelets, and other frequently worn jewelry pieces.
Other important gemological properties of ruby include:
- Chemical Composition: Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) with trace amounts of chromium, which gives it its red color.
- Crystal System: Hexagonal, which means the crystal structure is based on six-sided symmetry.
- Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78, which means it has a high refractive index and exhibits strong brilliance when cut properly.
- Specific Gravity: 4.00–4.10, which refers to the density of the gemstone relative to water.
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy), which gives ruby a bright, sparkling appearance.
The cut of a ruby can significantly affect its appearance and value. The most common cuts for ruby include the emerald cut, round brilliant cut, oval cut, and pear-shaped cut. The cut is chosen based on the shape and clarity of the rough gemstone, as well as the desired aesthetic. A well-cut ruby will display excellent color saturation and brilliance, while a poorly cut stone may look dull or lifeless.
Clarity is another important factor in determining a ruby’s value. While some inclusions are natural and even desirable (especially in high-quality Burmese rubies), excessive inclusions can reduce the gem’s clarity and brilliance. A ruby with good clarity will appear clean and transparent, with minimal visible imperfections.
Carat weight also plays a role in a ruby’s value. However, unlike diamonds, where carat weight is often the primary factor in price, ruby value is more closely tied to color and clarity. A smaller ruby with an intense red color and high clarity can be more valuable than a larger ruby with a less vibrant hue and more inclusions.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, ruby has been associated with a wide range of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. In ancient cultures, it was often seen as a protective stone, believed to ward off danger and bring good fortune. In India, ruby was considered a symbol of power and vitality, and it was often worn by warriors and leaders to enhance their strength and courage. Some believed that wearing a ruby could help soothe anger and promote a sense of calm and balance.
Ruby is also closely associated with love and passion. Its deep red color is often linked to the heart chakra, and it is believed to enhance emotional connections and deepen romantic relationships. In medieval Europe, ruby was considered a symbol of divine love and was often included in royal jewelry to represent the bond between a king and his people.
In modern times, ruby is still seen as a powerful and positive gemstone. Many people believe that it can enhance confidence, promote creativity, and inspire action. Some also believe that ruby has healing properties and can help with physical ailments such as inflammation and circulatory issues.
While these beliefs are rooted in tradition and folklore rather than scientific evidence, they continue to influence how ruby is perceived and used in jewelry and other contexts.
Care and Cleaning
Given ruby’s high hardness and durability, it is relatively easy to care for compared to other gemstones. However, proper care is still important to maintain its beauty and longevity.
- Avoiding Heat and Chemicals: While ruby is generally resistant to heat, prolonged exposure to high temperatures can cause it to lose color or become brittle. It is best to avoid exposing ruby to extreme heat, such as from a jewelry cleaner or a hot oven. Additionally, ruby should not be exposed to harsh chemicals, which can damage its surface or setting.
- Cleaning Methods: The safest way to clean ruby is with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. This method is gentle and effective for removing dirt and grime without damaging the gemstone. Ultrasonic cleaners can also be used for ruby, but it is important to ensure that the gemstone is free of any inclusions or cracks that could be worsened by the vibrations.
- Storage: To prevent scratches and damage, ruby should be stored separately from other gemstones, especially those with lower hardness. It is best to store ruby in a soft cloth or a padded jewelry box.
With proper care, ruby can remain a beautiful and cherished gemstone for generations.
Conclusion
Ruby, the July birthstone, is a gemstone of extraordinary beauty, rich history, and deep symbolism. From its origins in the ancient kingdoms of India and Burma to its modern status as a cherished birthstone and jewelry gem, ruby has maintained its status as one of the most valuable and sought-after stones in the world.
Its deep red color, derived from trace amounts of chromium, gives it a unique and captivating appearance. With a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, ruby is not only beautiful but also durable enough for everyday wear. Whether set in a necklace, ring, or bracelet, ruby makes a stunning and meaningful addition to any jewelry collection.
Beyond its physical properties, ruby has long been associated with themes of love, power, and protection. From its use in royal crowns and battle talismans to its modern role as a symbol of passion and vitality, ruby continues to captivate and inspire.
For those born in July, ruby is more than just a birthstone—it is a symbol of their fiery spirit and enduring strength.