September is a month of transition—marking the end of summer and the arrival of autumn. In the world of gemstones, it is also a month rich with symbolism and history. While the modern September birthstone is widely recognized as the sapphire, the month has a fascinating array of alternative and traditional birthstones. These include peridot, lapis lazuli, sardonyx, moonstone, zircon, and agate—each with its own unique characteristics, cultural significance, and gemological properties.
This article explores the gemstones associated with September, with a particular focus on the most prominent one: the sapphire. We will delve into its geological formation, historical and cultural significance, symbolic meaning, and practical care tips. Additionally, we will touch on the other gemstones that have been linked to September in various traditions and calendars, providing a comprehensive overview of this month’s rich birthstone heritage.
History and Lore of the September Birthstones
The tradition of associating gemstones with months of the year dates back centuries and has evolved over time. The concept of birthstones is believed to have originated from ancient texts, such as the Breastplate of Aaron in the Hebrew Bible, which lists 12 gemstones representing the 12 tribes of Israel. Over the centuries, this idea was adapted and expanded by different cultures, leading to the modern list of birthstones we recognize today.
In the case of September, the gemstone association has varied across different calendars and traditions. The modern September birthstone is the sapphire, which has been officially recognized as the birthstone in both the United States and the United Kingdom since the 20th century. However, other cultures and older traditions have assigned different gemstones to the month.
For instance, the traditional September birthstone is peridot, which was widely used in ancient times and remained a popular choice until the early 20th century. The ancient September birthstones also include sardonyx and moonstone, while the Hindu calendar associates zircon with the month. In the Tibetan tradition, agate was considered the September birthstone, and in the old Roman and Polish calendars, sardonyx held that honor.
The name "sapphire" is derived from the Greek word "sappheiros," which is also the origin of the word "sapphire" in many other languages. In Greek mythology, sapphires were associated with the gods Zeus and Apollo and were believed to protect the wearer from harm. Ancient Persians thought that the Earth rested on a giant sapphire, which explained the blue color of the sky. These beliefs highlight the deep cultural and spiritual significance of sapphires in antiquity.
Sapphires have long been associated with royalty and the clergy. In medieval Europe, sapphires were considered symbols of Heaven and were often worn by clergymen. The stone was also believed to have healing properties, with some believing that it could cure diseases of the eye and act as an antidote to poison. These beliefs reflect the multifaceted role of sapphires in history, serving as both ornamental and functional objects in various cultures.
The September birthstones have also played a role in astrology and zodiac traditions. Sapphires are the zodiac stone for Virgo (August 23–September 22), while lapis lazuli is the zodiac stone for Libra (September 23–October 22). This dual association underscores the importance of September in the transition between two zodiac signs and the symbolic meanings attached to each.
Geological Formation and Sources of the September Birthstones
The gemstones associated with September are found in various parts of the world, each with its own geological origin and formation process. Understanding the geological properties of these gemstones helps explain their rarity, color, and durability.
Sapphire
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Corundum is naturally colorless, and the color of the sapphire is determined by trace elements within the crystal structure. For example, blue sapphires owe their color to the presence of iron and titanium, while yellow sapphires contain traces of iron. The most valuable sapphires are those that exhibit a deep, rich blue color, often referred to as "cornflower blue."
Sapphires are formed deep within the Earth's crust under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. They are typically found in metamorphic and igneous rocks, and their formation can take millions of years. Some of the most famous sources of sapphires include:
- Ceylon (Sri Lanka): Known for producing high-quality blue and other colored sapphires.
- 缅甸 (Myanmar): Famous for its "pigeon blood" sapphires, which are highly prized for their intense color.
- Australia: A major source of sapphires, particularly in the state of New South Wales.
- Madagascar: A growing producer of sapphires in recent years.
- Bangladesh: Known for producing fine-quality sapphires in the Mogh Valley.
The hardness of sapphire on the Mohs scale is 9, making it one of the hardest gemstones, second only to diamonds. This high hardness makes it suitable for use in jewelry, especially in rings and pendants that are worn daily.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral, along with other minerals such as calcite and pyrite. The blue color of lapis lazuli comes from the presence of lazurite, while the gold flecks are due to the pyrite inclusions. Lapis lazuli is not a gemstone in the strictest sense, as it is a rock rather than a mineral, but it has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and decorative objects.
Lapis lazuli is found in metamorphic rocks and is formed through the transformation of other minerals under high pressure and temperature. The most famous source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for over 6,000 years. Other sources include Russia, Chile, and the United States.
On the Mohs scale, lapis lazuli has a hardness of 5 to 6, making it relatively soft compared to sapphire. This means that it requires more careful handling and is not as suitable for everyday wear as sapphire.
Peridot
Peridot is a gemstone composed of the mineral olivine, which is a silicate of magnesium and iron. It is typically found in green to yellow colors, with the most valuable peridots being those with a rich green hue. The color of peridot is determined by the amount of iron in the crystal structure.
Peridot is formed in the Earth's mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is found in basaltic rocks and is often associated with meteorites. Some of the most notable sources of peridot include:
- Arizona, USA: Known for producing high-quality peridots.
- Zabargad Island (St. John's Island), Egypt: A famous source of peridot for thousands of years.
- Madagascar: A major producer of peridot in recent years.
- Brazil: Known for producing peridots with a wide range of colors.
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in jewelry, although it is not as durable as sapphire. It is relatively fragile and can be damaged by sudden temperature changes or exposure to harsh chemicals.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, which is a form of quartz. It is characterized by its alternating bands of red and white, with the red color coming from sard (a type of quartz) and the white color from onyx. Sardonyx is often used in cameo and intaglio carvings, as well as in beads and pendants.
Sardonyx is formed in sedimentary rocks and is often found in deposits that have been exposed to water over long periods. Some of the main sources of sardonyx include:
- Brazil: A major source of sardonyx.
- India: Known for producing high-quality sardonyx.
- Africa: Also a significant source of sardonyx.
The hardness of sardonyx is 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable and suitable for use in jewelry.
Moonstone
Moonstone is a type of feldspar that is characterized by its iridescent sheen, known as adularescence. This effect is caused by the alternating layers of orthoclase and albite within the stone. Moonstone is often found in shades of white, gray, and blue, with the most valuable specimens exhibiting a strong blue sheen.
Moonstone is formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks and is often found in association with other feldspar minerals. Some of the main sources of moonstone include:
- India: Known for producing high-quality moonstone, particularly in the state of Tamil Nadu.
- Sri Lanka: A famous source of moonstone with a strong blue sheen.
- United States: The state of Florida is known for producing moonstone.
Moonstone has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and requiring careful handling.
Zircon
Zircon is a mineral that occurs in a variety of colors, including red, yellow, green, blue, and colorless. The most valuable zircons are those that have been heat-treated to enhance their color. Zircon is often used as a substitute for diamonds and other precious gemstones due to its brilliance and refractive index.
Zircon is formed in igneous rocks and is often found in association with other zirconium-bearing minerals. Some of the main sources of zircon include:
- Australia: Known for producing high-quality zircons.
- Brazil: A major source of zircons in various colors.
- India: Known for producing zircons that are often heat-treated to enhance their color.
Zircon has a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable and suitable for use in jewelry.
Agate
Agate is a type of chalcedony that is characterized by its banded patterns and wide range of colors. It is often found in nodules and geodes and is formed through the slow deposition of silica in cavities within rocks. Agate is often used in jewelry, beads, and decorative objects.
Agate is found in many parts of the world, including:
- Brazil: Known for producing high-quality agate in a wide range of colors.
- United States: The state of Nevada is known for producing agate.
- India: A major source of agate.
Agate has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable and suitable for use in jewelry.
Gemological Properties of the September Birthstones
The gemological properties of the September birthstones vary depending on the specific gemstone. These properties include color, clarity, cut, carat weight, hardness, and refractive index. Understanding these properties helps in evaluating the quality and value of a gemstone.
Sapphire
Sapphire is one of the most valuable gemstones and is known for its hardness and durability. It has a refractive index of 1.76 to 1.78 and a specific gravity of 3.95 to 4.10. Sapphires are typically cut into brilliant or step cuts to enhance their brilliance and color. The most valuable sapphires are those that have a deep blue color, high clarity, and are large in size.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is not a gemstone in the traditional sense, as it is a rock rather than a mineral. It has a refractive index of 1.60 to 1.70 and a specific gravity of 2.4 to 2.9. Lapis lazuli is often cut into cabochons to showcase its color and inclusions. The most valuable lapis lazuli is that which has a deep blue color and gold flecks of pyrite.
Peridot
Peridot has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.69 and a specific gravity of 3.30 to 3.40. It is often cut into brilliant or step cuts to enhance its color and brilliance. The most valuable peridots are those with a rich green color and high clarity.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has a refractive index of 1.53 to 1.54 and a specific gravity of 2.58 to 2.64. It is often cut into cabochons or beads to showcase its banded patterns. Sardonyx is relatively durable and is suitable for use in jewelry.
Moonstone
Moonstone has a refractive index of 1.518 to 1.526 and a specific gravity of 2.55 to 2.58. It is often cut into cabochons to showcase its adularescence. Moonstone is relatively soft and requires careful handling.
Zircon
Zircon has a refractive index of 1.81 to 1.90 and a specific gravity of 3.90 to 4.70. It is often cut into brilliant or step cuts to enhance its brilliance and color. Zircon is relatively durable and is suitable for use in jewelry.
Agate
Agate has a refractive index of 1.53 to 1.54 and a specific gravity of 2.58 to 2.64. It is often cut into cabochons or beads to showcase its banded patterns. Agate is relatively durable and is suitable for use in jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs of the September Birthstones
The September birthstones have long been associated with various symbolic and metaphysical beliefs. These beliefs have evolved over time and are influenced by different cultures and traditions.
Sapphire
Sapphires have been associated with truth, sincerity, and purity. In ancient times, they were believed to protect the wearer from harm and envy. Sapphires were also associated with royalty and the clergy, symbolizing Heaven and nobility. In medieval Europe, sapphires were believed to have healing properties, with some believing that they could cure diseases of the eye and act as an antidote to poison.
In modern times, sapphires are associated with wisdom, clarity, and inner peace. They are believed to enhance mental clarity and promote a sense of calm and serenity. Sapphires are also considered to be stones of protection, helping to ward off negative energies and promoting emotional stability.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is associated with truth, purity, and creativity. It has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and decorative objects and was highly valued in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. In medieval Europe, lapis lazuli was believed to enhance awareness and creativity and was often used in the decoration of religious artifacts.
Lapis lazuli is also associated with spiritual growth and enlightenment. It is believed to enhance intuition and promote a deeper understanding of the self. Lapis lazuli is also considered to be a stone of protection, helping to ward off negative energies and promoting emotional stability.
Peridot
Peridot is associated with protection, positivity, and inner light. It has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and decorative objects and was highly valued in ancient Egypt and other cultures. Peridot is believed to protect the wearer from negativity and promote a sense of well-being and positivity.
Peridot is also associated with healing and emotional balance. It is believed to help release negative emotions and promote a sense of calm and serenity. Peridot is also considered to be a stone of prosperity, helping to attract abundance and success.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is associated with courage, strength, and protection. It has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and decorative objects and was highly valued in ancient Rome and other cultures. Sardonyx is believed to enhance courage and protect the wearer from harm.
Sardonyx is also associated with emotional strength and stability. It is believed to help overcome fear and promote a sense of confidence and resilience. Sardonyx is also considered to be a stone of protection, helping to ward off negative energies and promoting emotional stability.
Moonstone
Moonstone is associated with intuition, emotional balance, and inner peace. It has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and decorative objects and was highly valued in ancient India and other cultures. Moonstone is believed to enhance intuition and promote a deeper understanding of the self.
Moonstone is also associated with emotional balance and stability. It is believed to help release negative emotions and promote a sense of calm and serenity. Moonstone is also considered to be a stone of protection, helping to ward off negative energies and promoting emotional stability.
Zircon
Zircon is associated with wisdom, clarity, and spiritual growth. It has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and decorative objects and was highly valued in ancient cultures. Zircon is believed to enhance mental clarity and promote a deeper understanding of the self.
Zircon is also associated with emotional balance and stability. It is believed to help release negative emotions and promote a sense of calm and serenity. Zircon is also considered to be a stone of protection, helping to ward off negative energies and promoting emotional stability.
Agate
Agate is associated with protection, strength, and emotional stability. It has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and decorative objects and was highly valued in ancient cultures. Agate is believed to protect the wearer from negativity and promote a sense of well-being and positivity.
Agate is also associated with emotional balance and stability. It is believed to help release negative emotions and promote a sense of calm and serenity. Agate is also considered to be a stone of protection, helping to ward off negative energies and promoting emotional stability.
Care and Cleaning of the September Birthstones
Proper care and cleaning are essential for preserving the beauty and value of the September birthstones. The care requirements vary depending on the specific gemstone, as each has its own unique properties and vulnerabilities.
Sapphire
Sapphires are extremely durable and can be cleaned using mild soap and warm water. They can also be cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner or steam cleaner. However, it is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the gemstone or the setting.
Sapphires should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. They should also be protected from sudden temperature changes and exposure to extreme heat or cold.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is relatively soft and requires careful handling. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and warm water. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Lapis lazuli should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be protected from exposure to moisture and extreme temperatures.
Peridot
Peridot is relatively soft and requires careful handling. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and warm water. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Peridot should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be protected from exposure to moisture and extreme temperatures.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is relatively durable and can be cleaned using mild soap and warm water. It can also be cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner or steam cleaner. However, it is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Sardonyx should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be protected from exposure to moisture and extreme temperatures.
Moonstone
Moonstone is relatively soft and requires careful handling. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and warm water. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Moonstone should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be protected from exposure to moisture and extreme temperatures.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively durable and can be cleaned using mild soap and warm water. It can also be cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner or steam cleaner. However, it is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Zircon should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be protected from exposure to moisture and extreme temperatures.
Agate
Agate is relatively durable and can be cleaned using mild soap and warm water. It can also be cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner or steam cleaner. However, it is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Agate should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be protected from exposure to moisture and extreme temperatures.
Conclusion
The September birthstones offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and gemological significance. From the deep blue sapphire to the vibrant peridot and the iridescent moonstone, each gemstone has its own unique properties and cultural associations. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, understanding the September birthstones provides valuable insight into the world of gemstones and their enduring appeal.
The sapphire, as the modern September birthstone, stands out as one of the most valuable and revered gemstones in the world. Its rich history, symbolic meaning, and gemological properties make it a timeless choice for jewelry and personal adornment. The other September birthstones, including lapis lazuli, peridot, sardonyx, moonstone, zircon, and agate, also have their own unique qualities and significance, adding to the diverse and fascinating world of gemstones.
By understanding the geological formation, symbolic meaning, and care requirements of these gemstones, you can make informed choices when selecting or caring for September birthstones. Whether you are drawn to the deep blue of the sapphire or the golden hues of the peridot, the September birthstones offer a wealth of beauty and meaning that has captivated people for centuries.