December is a month rich in symbolism and natural beauty, and its selection of birthstones reflects this richness. Among these, tanzanite stands out as a gemstone of exceptional rarity, striking color, and modern significance. Though only added to the December birthstone list in 2002, tanzanite has quickly become a beloved and celebrated gem, known for its deep blue to violet hues and the mystique surrounding its origin. This article explores the geological, historical, and cultural significance of tanzanite, as well as its place in modern jewelry and gemological science. Drawing from authoritative sources, we will examine the properties, lore, and care of this extraordinary gemstone.
A Gemstone of Limited Supply and Unique Origin
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, specifically distinguished by its striking blue and violet coloration. Unlike many other gemstones that can be found in multiple locations around the globe, tanzanite is a gemstone of singular origin. It is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills, located in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. This limited geographic source contributes to its rarity and enhances its value in the gem market.
The mineral was first discovered in the late 1960s by a Maasai tribesman named Jumanne Ngoma. Initial specimens were mistaken for sapphires due to their intense blue color, but further analysis by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) revealed that tanzanite was a new and previously unknown variety of zoisite. This discovery marked the beginning of a unique chapter in gemology, as the gemstone was named "tanzanite" to honor its country of origin, Tanzania.
The decision to name the gemstone was not without its challenges. The original name proposed—blue zoisite—was met with hesitation due to its phonetic similarity to the phrase "blue suicide," which was considered undesirable for a gemstone intended for commercial promotion. The marketing team at Tiffany & Co., who played a pivotal role in introducing tanzanite to the global market, ultimately chose the name tanzanite, ensuring that the gemstone's association with its homeland would remain prominent.
Geological Formation and Properties
Tanzanite's formation is a result of the unique geological conditions present in the Merelani Hills. The mineral zoisite, which is part of the epidote group, typically forms in metamorphic rocks that have undergone high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. In the case of tanzanite, the presence of vanadium impurities is what gives the gemstone its characteristic blue and violet coloration. This is a rare occurrence in the geological world, as most zoisite specimens do not exhibit such vivid hues.
The gemological properties of tanzanite are also noteworthy. On the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, tanzanite ranks between 6 and 6.5. While this is relatively moderate compared to harder gems like diamonds or sapphires, it is still suitable for jewelry, provided it is handled with care. Tanzanite is also known for its pleochroism, a property that allows the gemstone to display different colors when viewed from different angles. In the case of tanzanite, it can appear blue, violet, or even a combination of both, depending on the angle of light and the observer's viewpoint.
In terms of clarity, tanzanite is often found with inclusions, which are natural imperfections that can give the gemstone a unique character. However, these inclusions can also affect the gemstone’s durability and must be taken into account when cutting and setting the stone. Tanzanite is typically cut into faceted shapes to maximize its brilliance and color dispersion, making it a popular choice for rings, pendants, and earrings.
The chemical composition of tanzanite is calcium aluminum silicate, with the formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(OH)₃·H₂O. This composition is typical of the zoisite family, and it is the presence of vanadium that differentiates tanzanite from other varieties of the mineral. The gemstone is also known for its refractive index, which ranges between 1.69 and 1.71. This contributes to its glassy luster and ability to refract light in a way that enhances its color and brilliance.
A Brief History of Tanzanite in Jewelry and Culture
Tanzanite’s journey from a newly discovered mineral to a celebrated birthstone is a relatively short but impactful one. Since its discovery in the late 1960s, tanzanite has been marketed aggressively by Tiffany & Co., who recognized its potential to captivate consumers with its vivid color and limited availability. The company’s promotional efforts helped to establish tanzanite as a gemstone of prestige and exclusivity, and it soon became a popular choice for engagement rings, anniversary jewelry, and other fine pieces.
In 2002, the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) officially added tanzanite to the list of December birthstones. This decision was based on the gemstone’s growing popularity, its association with the month of December, and its unique properties. Prior to this, December had been associated with other blue gems such as turquoise, blue zircon, and blue topaz. The addition of tanzanite to the list not only expanded the options for December-born individuals but also underscored the gemstone’s significance in the modern jewelry market.
Tanzanite is also the gemstone for the 24th wedding anniversary, a designation that reflects its beauty and durability over time. This association further cements its place in the world of fine jewelry and personal milestones, making it a meaningful choice for couples celebrating two decades of marriage.
Symbolism, Metaphysical Beliefs, and Cultural Significance
Beyond its geological and commercial appeal, tanzanite holds a place in the realm of metaphysical beliefs and spiritual symbolism. Like many gemstones, tanzanite is believed to carry certain energies and properties that can influence the wearer. In the world of crystal healing and alternative medicine, tanzanite is said to promote emotional healing, enhance communication, and foster a sense of calm and balance.
One of the most commonly attributed properties of tanzanite is its ability to stimulate the throat and third eye chakras. The throat chakra is associated with self-expression, communication, and truth, while the third eye chakra is linked to intuition, insight, and spiritual awareness. By activating these energy centers, tanzanite is thought to help individuals express themselves more clearly, trust their intuition, and connect with higher states of consciousness.
In terms of emotional and psychological benefits, tanzanite is believed to be a stone of transformation and emotional release. It is said to help individuals process difficult emotions, release old patterns, and embrace new beginnings. This makes it particularly valuable for those undergoing personal or spiritual growth, as it is thought to support inner exploration and emotional clarity.
Culturally, tanzanite has come to symbolize the uniqueness and rarity of the individuals who choose to wear it. Because it can only be found in one location in the world, it is often seen as a gemstone of exclusivity and individuality. This makes it a fitting choice for those who value originality and want to express their distinctiveness through their jewelry.
Care and Maintenance of Tanzanite
Given its moderate hardness and susceptibility to inclusions, tanzanite requires careful handling and maintenance to preserve its beauty and longevity. While it is a durable gemstone in jewelry, it should be protected from harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, and physical impacts that could cause damage.
To clean tanzanite, it is recommended to use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided, as they can potentially loosen inclusions or cause damage to the gemstone. Steam cleaning is also not recommended for tanzanite, as the heat and moisture can affect its stability.
When storing tanzanite jewelry, it is best to keep the pieces in a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box to prevent scratches and abrasions. Tanzanite should be stored separately from harder gemstones like diamonds or sapphires, which could cause nicks or chips on its surface.
For professional cleaning and inspection, it is advisable to consult a qualified jeweler or gemologist. These experts can assess the condition of the gemstone and provide appropriate care recommendations based on its specific characteristics and setting.
The Broader Context of December Birthstones
Tanzanite is one of several gemstones associated with December, a month that holds a special place in the history of birthstones. Alongside tanzanite, the traditional and modern birthstones for December include turquoise, lapis lazuli, blue zircon, and blue topaz. Each of these gemstones has its own unique properties, symbolism, and historical significance.
Turquoise and lapis lazuli are among the oldest known birthstones and have been used in jewelry and adornment for thousands of years. Turquoise, with its blue-green color, is believed to bring protection, good fortune, and positive energy. It has been revered by cultures across the world, from ancient Egypt to the American Southwest. Lapis lazuli, known for its deep blue hue and flecks of gold, has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It was a favorite of royalty and scholars in ancient civilizations.
Blue zircon and blue topaz are more recent additions to the December birthstone lineup, but they have quickly gained popularity due to their vibrant colors and affordability. Blue zircon is prized for its brilliance and fire, while blue topaz is valued for its clarity and serenity. Both stones are believed to have healing properties and are often used in jewelry for their aesthetic appeal and positive energy.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December reflects the diversity of choices available to those born in the month. Whether one prefers the deep blue of lapis lazuli, the calm tones of blue topaz, or the rare and vibrant hues of tanzanite, there is a gemstone to suit every taste and style.
Conclusion
Tanzanite is a gemstone of remarkable beauty, rarity, and significance. Its unique blue and violet hues, combined with its limited geographic origin, make it a highly sought-after gem in the world of jewelry. From its discovery in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro to its official designation as a December birthstone, tanzanite has captured the imagination of gem lovers and collectors alike.
In addition to its physical and geological properties, tanzanite holds a place in the realm of metaphysical beliefs and cultural symbolism. It is seen as a stone of transformation, emotional healing, and spiritual awareness, making it a meaningful choice for those who seek to connect with its energy. Its association with the 24th wedding anniversary further underscores its value as a gemstone of lasting significance.
As a December birthstone, tanzanite joins a rich tradition of gems that have been cherished for their beauty and meaning. Whether worn as a personal talisman or as a piece of fine jewelry, tanzanite serves as a reminder of the rarity and wonder of the natural world. Its journey from a newly discovered mineral to a celebrated birthstone is a testament to its enduring appeal and the power of gemstones to inspire and captivate.