December is one of the most unique months in the birthstone tradition, not because it lacks a standout gemstone, but because it boasts a rich selection of five recognized birthstones. These include blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. Each of these stones carries its own set of physical properties, cultural significance, and symbolic meanings, making December a month of extraordinary diversity in the world of gemstones.
This article delves into the history, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these five December birthstones. Drawing from authoritative sources, we explore what makes each of these stones special, from their formation in the Earth’s crust to their roles in jewelry and personal adornment. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this guide provides a comprehensive overview of the December birthstones and their enduring appeal.
A Month of Multiple Birthstones
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, with roots in biblical and medieval lore. December, in particular, has been celebrated with multiple gemstones for historical and practical reasons. According to one source, December includes five traditional birthstones: zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. This variety allows for a broader selection of stones in terms of color, price, and personal meaning, catering to a range of tastes and budgets.
The presence of multiple birthstones in a single month is not unique to December, but it is particularly notable due to the wide range of colors and properties represented. While some months are associated with a single gemstone, December offers a palette of blues, purples, and deep blues with flecks of gold, reflecting the changing moods of winter and the promise of spring ahead.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones in December serves another important purpose: it ensures that individuals born in this month have access to a variety of options depending on their preferences, budget, and the type of jewelry they wish to wear. Whether someone prefers the deep blue of lapis lazuli or the vibrant blue-green of turquoise, there is a birthstone that resonates with their personality and style.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones is believed to have originated from biblical times, where the twelve stones on Aaron’s breastplate were thought to represent the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones were associated with the twelve months of the year. However, the modern birthstone list was formalized in the 1950s by the American National Retail Jewelers Association (now CIBJO), the body that governs the global gemstone industry.
December’s birthstones reflect a blend of ancient and modern traditions. Turquoise and zircon have long been considered the main December birthstones, with both offering shades of blue that evoke the chill of winter. Blue topaz and tanzanite were added to the modern list in the 20th century, reflecting contemporary tastes and the discovery of new gem materials. Lapis lazuli, though not as commonly associated with December as the others, has a rich historical background and is still recognized as a traditional December birthstone.
Cultural Significance
Each of December’s birthstones carries its own set of cultural and symbolic meanings. Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color, has been associated with wisdom and truth. In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was used in royal jewelry and amulets, symbolizing divine knowledge and protection. Turquoise, on the other hand, has long been regarded as a stone of protection and good fortune. It was used by the ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Native Americans, each of whom believed it to have healing and protective properties.
Zircon, particularly in its blue variety, has been prized for its brilliance and clarity. Known as "star zircon" for its star-like fire, it has been used in fine jewelry for centuries. Blue topaz, with its serene color, has been associated with calmness and clarity of mind. Tanzanite, the most recently discovered of the five, has a unique blue to violet hue and is found only in Tanzania, making it a rare and exclusive gemstone.
The symbolism of these stones is not just historical but also deeply personal. Many people believe that wearing their birthstone can bring good luck, enhance their personal traits, or even offer protection. For December-born individuals, the variety of stones allows them to choose a gem that best represents their personality and values.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of December’s birthstones adds to their allure. Each of these gemstones forms under specific conditions, often in unique locations around the world. Their formation processes and sources provide insight into their rarity, color, and durability.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper. It forms in arid regions where copper-bearing water interacts with aluminum and phosphorus in the soil. This process typically occurs in the weathered zones of copper ore deposits. The resulting mineral precipitates in the cavities of rocks, giving it a porous, opaque structure. The blue to green color of turquoise is due to the presence of copper, while the yellow or brown tones come from iron impurities.
Turquoise is most commonly found in Tibet, Iran, Egypt, and the United States, particularly in the Southwestern states like Arizona and New Mexico. The stone has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it relatively soft and prone to scratches and discoloration when exposed to oils, acids, or excessive dryness.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that occurs in a wide range of colors, including blue, yellow, red, and green. The blue variety, known as blue zircon, is particularly popular in December jewelry. Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some specimens dating back over 4.4 billion years.
Zircon forms in igneous rocks and is often found in metamorphic rocks and sedimentary deposits. It is typically found in Australia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Brazil. Blue zircon is created through heat treatment, which alters the color of the stone from its natural brown or yellow to a vibrant blue.
Zircon has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7.5, making it relatively durable and suitable for daily wear. Its brilliance and fire, similar to that of diamonds, make it a popular choice for engagement rings and other fine jewelry.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is an aluminum silicate mineral that is naturally colorless. Its blue color is the result of irradiation and heat treatment, a process that enhances its natural beauty. Topaz forms in pegmatite and rhyolite deposits, and it is often found in Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States.
Topaz is one of the hardest gemstones, with a Mohs hardness of 8, which means it is highly resistant to scratches and abrasions. This makes it ideal for use in rings, bracelets, and other types of jewelry that are worn frequently.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a rare variety of the mineral zoisite. It is known for its striking blue to violet color, which is caused by trace amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite is found only in Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro, making it one of the most exclusive gemstones in the world.
Tanzanite was first discovered in 1967 and was introduced to the market in the early 1970s. It has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7, which means it is relatively soft and should be handled with care. Despite its fragility, tanzanite is highly valued for its color and rarity, making it a popular choice for luxury jewelry.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed of lazurite, pyrite, and calcite. It is known for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite. The blue color is due to the presence of sulfur, while the golden flecks add contrast and visual interest.
Lapis lazuli is primarily found in Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. It is also found in Egypt, Russia, and Chile. Lapis has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it a soft stone that requires careful handling.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of each birthstone is essential for appreciating their beauty and value. The following table summarizes the key properties of the five December birthstones:
| Gemstone | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs) | Composition | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | Hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper | Tibet, Iran, Egypt, USA |
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, red, green | 6–7.5 | Zirconium silicate | Australia, Thailand, Sri Lanka |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Aluminum silicate | Brazil, Nigeria, USA |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | Variety of zoisite | Tanzania |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue with golden flecks | 5–6 | Lazurite, pyrite, calcite | Afghanistan, Egypt, Russia |
These properties influence how each gemstone is used in jewelry and how it should be cared for. For example, blue topaz, with its high hardness, is ideal for rings and other wearables, while turquoise and lapis lazuli, being softer, are better suited for pendants and earrings that are less likely to be subjected to wear and tear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
In addition to their physical properties, December’s birthstones are associated with a range of symbolic and metaphysical meanings. These beliefs vary across cultures but share common themes of protection, wisdom, and personal strength.
Turquoise
Turquoise is often called the "stone of protection" and has been used as an amulet in many ancient cultures. It is believed to ward off negative energy, promote healing, and bring good fortune. In Native American traditions, turquoise is considered a sacred stone that connects the earth and sky. It is also associated with communication and truth, making it a popular stone for those who seek clarity in their relationships.
Zircon
Zircon, especially in its blue form, is believed to enhance spiritual awareness and bring inner peace. It is said to stimulate the third eye and crown chakras, promoting a deeper connection to the divine. Zircon is also associated with prosperity and abundance, making it a popular stone for those who seek financial success.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, clarity, and emotional balance. It is believed to help reduce stress, enhance intuition, and promote a sense of inner peace. Blue topaz is also associated with love and friendship, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and friendship bracelets.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is believed to enhance spiritual growth and emotional healing. It is associated with the heart and throat chakras, promoting compassion, communication, and emotional expression. Tanzanite is also believed to help individuals overcome fear and insecurity, making it a powerful stone for personal transformation.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is one of the most powerful stones in the birthstone tradition. It is associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual enlightenment. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to connect the wearer to the divine and was used in the jewelry of pharaohs and high priests. Lapis lazuli is also believed to enhance intellectual abilities and promote a sense of inner peace and balance.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has unique properties that require specific handling and cleaning methods. The following guidelines are based on the information provided in the sources:
Turquoise
- Hardness: 5–6 (soft)
- Cleaning: Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid harsh chemicals and prolonged exposure to water.
- Storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Keep away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
- Avoid: Oils, perfumes, and acidic substances, as these can discolor the stone.
Zircon
- Hardness: 6–7.5 (moderate)
- Cleaning: Use a soft brush and mild soap. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, which can damage the stone’s color.
- Storage: Store in a jewelry box to prevent scratches.
- Avoid: Direct sunlight and harsh chemicals.
Blue Topaz
- Hardness: 8 (hard)
- Cleaning: Can be cleaned with lukewarm water and a soft brush.
- Storage: Store in a separate compartment to prevent scratches.
- Avoid: Harsh chemicals and abrasive materials.
Tanzanite
- Hardness: 6–7 (moderate)
- Cleaning: Use a soft brush and mild soap. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners.
- Storage: Store in a jewelry box to prevent scratches and exposure to light.
- Avoid: Direct sunlight and harsh chemicals.
Lapis Lazuli
- Hardness: 5–6 (soft)
- Cleaning: Wipe with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid soaking in water.
- Storage: Store in a cool, dry place.
- Avoid: Oils, perfumes, and acidic substances.
By following these care instructions, you can ensure that your December birthstone jewelry remains beautiful and vibrant for years to come.
Conclusion
December is a month of rich diversity in the world of birthstones. With five recognized gemstones—turquoise, zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli—December offers a unique selection that appeals to a wide range of tastes and preferences. Each of these stones carries its own set of physical properties, cultural significance, and symbolic meanings, making them more than just beautiful gems—they are also powerful symbols of identity, protection, and personal expression.
Whether you are drawn to the deep blue of lapis lazuli, the vibrant blue-green of turquoise, or the unique blue to violet of tanzanite, there is a December birthstone that resonates with your personality and style. Their geological origins, formation processes, and historical uses add to their allure, making them valuable not only as jewelry but also as objects of cultural and personal significance.
For those born in December, the choice of a birthstone is not just a matter of aesthetics but also a connection to history, tradition, and personal meaning. Whether you choose to wear your birthstone in a ring, necklace, or bracelet, it serves as a lasting reminder of your connection to the world of gemstones and the enduring power of these beautiful stones.