December is one of the few months associated with multiple birthstones, offering a rich selection of gemstones that reflect a spectrum of colors and histories. Among the most recognized are turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz. These gemstones have been cherished for centuries, each with its own geological formation, cultural significance, and symbolic meanings. This article explores the properties, origins, care instructions, and cultural lore of these four December birthstones, drawing exclusively from the most reliable and relevant sources.
Introduction
December birthstone options include turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz—each with its own unique characteristics and allure. These gemstones vary in hardness, color, and cultural significance, offering a diverse range for jewelry enthusiasts and collectors. While turquoise has been used for millennia in ancient civilizations, zircon and tanzanite offer modern elegance with their vibrant hues, and blue topaz brings affordability and versatility to the selection.
This article will examine the geological properties of each gemstone, explore their historical and cultural significance, and provide practical advice on how to care for and appreciate them in jewelry. The information is drawn from authoritative sources, including the Gem Society, the Gemological Institute of America (GIA), and reputable jewelry guides.
History and Lore
Turquoise: The Ancient Blue Gem
Turquoise has a long and storied history, with its use dating back to ancient Egypt and beyond. Archeologists have traced its use to as early as 3,000 BCE, when it was set in gold necklaces and rings. In Egyptian culture, turquoise was often carved into the shape of a scarab beetle, a symbol associated with the morning sun and the god Khepri. This gemstone was believed to bring health, good fortune, and protection.
In ancient Persia, turquoise was used to decorate palace domes, as its blue color was thought to resemble the heavens. Persian artisans believed that turquoise would change color to warn the wearer of impending danger. Similarly, in ancient Egypt, turquoise was thought to protect the wearer from falling, especially from horses, and would break into pieces before a disaster occurred.
Turquoise was also significant in ancient China, where it was carved into intricate jewelry and ornaments over 3,000 years ago. The gemstone’s widespread use across multiple civilizations underscores its enduring appeal and cultural importance.
Zircon: A Hidden Treasure
Zircon is less well-known than some other December birthstones, but it has a rich history in jewelry and decorative arts. Its name comes from the Arabic word "zarkun," meaning "gold-colored," although zircon is available in a variety of colors, including blue, green, red, and colorless. Blue zircon, in particular, has gained popularity in modern times as a December birthstone.
Zircon was historically used in ancient cultures for its brilliance and fire. It was especially favored in the Middle East and South Asia, where it was believed to bring joy, hope, and purity. Zircon has also been prized for its refractive properties, often mistaken for diamonds or other precious stones due to its brilliance.
Tanzanite: The Modern Rarity
Tanzanite is the youngest of the December birthstones, discovered in the 1960s in Tanzania. It is a relatively new addition to the birthstone tradition, but its deep blue to violet hues quickly made it a favorite. Tanzanite is found exclusively in Tanzania, making it one of the most geographically unique gemstones in the world.
Tanzanite was named after its country of origin and is believed to bring calmness, clarity, and emotional healing. Its rarity and beauty have made it a symbol of luxury and exclusivity, often associated with high-end jewelry collections.
Blue Topaz: A Versatile and Affordable Choice
Blue topaz is another modern addition to the December birthstone list. It has become increasingly popular due to its affordability, versatility, and vibrant blue hues. The name "topaz" comes from the Sanskrit word for "fire," but blue topaz is not naturally blue; most commercially available blue topaz is produced through irradiation of colorless topaz.
Blue topaz is prized for its clarity and luster, making it a favorite among jewelers and designers. Its various shades, including London Blue, Swiss Blue, and Sky Blue, offer a wide range of options for jewelry design. Blue topaz is also believed to promote calmness and balance, making it a meaningful gemstone for those born in December.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise: A Product of Nature's Alchemy
Turquoise is formed when copper-rich water interacts with aluminum and potassium in rocks. This process typically occurs in arid regions where weathered volcanic rock or sedimentary rock is present. The chemical composition of turquoise is copper aluminum phosphate, and it forms in cavities where acidic solutions deposit the gemstone over time.
The most famous sources of turquoise include the American Southwest (particularly Arizona and New Mexico), Iran (historically known as Persia), and Egypt. The American Southwest is especially renowned for its turquoise deposits, with many mines producing high-quality stones used in Native American jewelry and other ornamental objects.
Zircon: A Crystal of Many Colors
Zircon is a silicate mineral that occurs in a variety of colors, including blue, green, red, and colorless. The blue and colorless varieties are often heat-treated to enhance their appearance. Zircon is found in many parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
Zircon has a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable for jewelry, though it can be prone to abrasion. It is also sensitive to heat, as some heat-treated stones may revert to their original colors when exposed to high temperatures.
Tanzanite: A One-of-a-Kind Gem
Tanzanite is unique in that it is found only in Tanzania. It was discovered in the 1960s in the Merelani Hills near the city of Arusha. Tanzanite is a type of zoisite, a silicate mineral that is transformed into tanzanite through heat treatment.
Tanzanite is relatively soft compared to other gemstones, with a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is also sensitive to light and heat, and some stones may fade or change color over time if exposed to prolonged sunlight or high temperatures.
Blue Topaz: A Treatable Treasure
Blue topaz is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. Most commercially available blue topaz is colorless in its natural state and is treated through irradiation to produce its vibrant blue hues. This process is safe and does not affect the gemstone's durability or chemical structure.
Blue topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, the United States, and Nigeria. It is relatively hard, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color Range | Transparency | Specific Gravity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5–6 | Blue, green, with matrix veins | Opaque | 2.6–2.8 |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6–7.5 | Blue, colorless, yellow, red | Translucent | 4.5–4.8 |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6–7 | Blue to violet | Translucent | 3.1–3.4 |
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₄ | 8 | Blue (various shades) | Transparent | 3.5–3.6 |
Turquoise: Soft and Porous
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. It is also porous and can be easily stained by oils, pigments, and other substances. This porosity also means that turquoise can lose its color if it dries out. As a result, it is often treated with oils or resins to enhance its durability and appearance.
Zircon: Durable and Lustrous
Zircon ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale and is known for its luster and refractive properties. It is often heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, which are more popular in jewelry. Zircon is generally stable when exposed to light, but some heat-treated stones may revert to their original colors after prolonged exposure to bright light.
Tanzanite: Delicate but Beautiful
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7 and is relatively delicate compared to other gemstones. It is also sensitive to light and heat, and some stones may fade or change color if exposed to prolonged sunlight or high temperatures. Tanzanite is often treated with heat to enhance its blue to violet color.
Blue Topaz: Hard and Stable
Blue topaz is one of the harder December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It is also highly stable and resistant to scratches and abrasions. Blue topaz is available in a variety of blue shades, including deep London Blue and light Sky Blue.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise: Protection and Good Fortune
Throughout history, turquoise has been associated with protection, good fortune, and health. Ancient Egyptians believed it would protect the wearer from falling and would break into pieces before a disaster occurred. In Persia, turquoise was believed to change color to warn the wearer of danger.
In Native American cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone, often used in jewelry and rituals. It is believed to bring healing, balance, and spiritual protection. Turquoise is also associated with the throat and heart chakras, promoting communication and emotional balance.
Zircon: Clarity and Purity
Zircon is believed to promote clarity of thought and emotional purity. Blue zircon, in particular, is associated with hope, joy, and serenity. In some cultures, zircon is used in meditation and spiritual practices to enhance intuition and psychic abilities.
Zircon is also believed to be a stone of transformation, helping the wearer to let go of the past and embrace new beginnings. It is often used in jewelry as a symbol of renewal and positive change.
Tanzanite: Emotional Healing and Calmness
Tanzanite is associated with emotional healing, calmness, and inner peace. It is believed to help the wearer release emotional blockages and find balance in their lives. Tanzanite is also thought to enhance intuition and spiritual awareness, making it a popular gemstone for those on a spiritual path.
Tanzanite is often used in meditation and healing practices, and it is believed to align the chakras and promote a sense of harmony and well-being. Its rarity and beauty also make it a symbol of exclusivity and luxury.
Blue Topaz: Clarity and Courage
Blue topaz is believed to promote clarity of thought, courage, and emotional balance. It is often used in jewelry to help the wearer remain calm and composed, especially in stressful situations. Blue topaz is also associated with truth and honesty, making it a popular gemstone for those who value integrity and authenticity.
In some cultures, blue topaz is used in rituals to promote inner strength and resilience. It is also believed to enhance communication and understanding, making it a valuable gemstone for those who seek to express themselves clearly and effectively.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise: Gentle Handling
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone, so it requires gentle handling and care. Avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals, oils, or pigments, as these can stain or discolor the stone. Turquoise should also be kept away from extreme temperatures, as it can lose its color if it dries out.
To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Gently wipe the stone and avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone.
Zircon: Avoid Rough Conditions
Zircon has a hardness of 6 to 7.5, making it relatively durable, but it can still be scratched or abraded under rough conditions. Avoid wearing zircon jewelry during activities such as gardening, playing sports, or doing dishes, as these can cause damage to the stone.
To clean zircon, use a soft brush and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can potentially affect the color of heat-treated stones.
Tanzanite: Handle with Care
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. It is also sensitive to light and heat, so it should be stored in a dark, cool place to prevent fading or color change.
To clean tanzanite, use a soft brush and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone.
Blue Topaz: Easy to Clean and Maintain
Blue topaz is one of the harder December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It is relatively easy to clean and maintain, as it is resistant to scratches and abrasions.
To clean blue topaz, use a soft brush and mild soap with warm water. You can also use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as blue topaz is stable and durable.
Conclusion
December birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique properties, history, and symbolism. Turquoise, with its ancient roots and cultural significance, has been cherished for millennia. Zircon and tanzanite, with their vibrant colors and modern appeal, offer elegant and meaningful choices for jewelry. Blue topaz, with its affordability and versatility, provides a practical and beautiful option for those born in December.
Whether you prefer the soft, blue hues of turquoise, the brilliant fire of zircon, the deep blue to violet of tanzanite, or the clear blue of topaz, there is a December birthstone to suit every taste and occasion. These gemstones not only enhance jewelry but also carry with them a rich history and symbolic meaning that can be appreciated by collectors and wearers alike.