December 23rd marks the birthday of those who are associated with the mesmerizing and relatively young gemstone, tanzanite. Officially recognized as one of the December birthstones in 2002, tanzanite is a rare and captivating gemstone that has quickly become a favorite among collectors and jewelry enthusiasts. Known for its deep blue-violet hues, tanzanite is not only a symbol of elegance and luxury but also holds a rich and unique origin story rooted in the geology of Tanzania.
This article delves into the fascinating journey of tanzanite—from its mythical beginnings in Maasai folklore, through its scientific discovery and commercialization, to its modern status as a cherished December birthstone. We will explore the gemological properties that define tanzanite, its cultural and metaphysical significance, and practical advice for those who own or collect this extraordinary gem. By the end of this piece, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of tanzanite’s allure, rarity, and enduring appeal.
History and Lore
The history of tanzanite is as extraordinary as the gemstone itself. Unlike many other gemstones that have been known for centuries, tanzanite is a modern discovery, first identified in 1967. Its origin story is steeped in local folklore and legend, which adds a layer of mystique to its already compelling narrative.
Maasai Folklore and the Lightning Myth
According to a Maasai folktale, tanzanite was born from a bolt of lightning that struck the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro. The story describes how the land was scorching after the lightning's impact, and from the ashes, a crystal of deep blue and violet color shimmered into view. This myth not only explains the gemstone's name—derived from "Tanzania," the only place on Earth where tanzanite is found—but also highlights the cultural significance of the land and its natural phenomena to the Maasai people.
The Maasai, a semi-nomadic ethnic group native to Tanzania and Kenya, have a deep spiritual connection to their environment. The legend of tanzanite reflects their worldview, where natural events are often attributed to divine or supernatural causes. The gemstone, therefore, carries a symbolic weight beyond its aesthetic appeal—it represents the transformative power of nature and the enduring strength of the land.
The Discovery of Tanzanite
The first documented discovery of tanzanite occurred in 1967 when a Maasai tribesman named Jumanne Ngoma unearthed a deposit of what appeared to be sapphires near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. The gems exhibited a striking blue-violet color, a phenomenon that was initially unexplained by local gemologists. After further analysis, it was determined that the stones were a unique variety of zoisite, a mineral typically found in green or brown hues.
This discovery was groundbreaking for several reasons. First, it was the first new gemstone to be discovered and marketed in the 20th century. Second, it was the first gemstone to be given a name directly referencing its country of origin, a decision made by the marketing team at Tiffany & Co., who played a pivotal role in tanzanite's commercial success.
Tiffany & Co. recognized the potential of the gemstone and launched an aggressive marketing campaign to introduce it to the global jewelry market. The company chose the name "tanzanite" to emphasize its exclusivity and connection to Tanzania. The name was a deliberate departure from "blue zoisite," which the marketing team felt was too bland and unmarketable.
The 1967 discovery marked the beginning of tanzanite's journey from a local curiosity to a globally recognized gemstone. By 2002, tanzanite was officially designated as one of the December birthstones, alongside turquoise, blue zircon, and blue topaz. This recognition further elevated its status and cemented its place in the world of fine jewelry.
Cultural Significance and Symbolism
Tanzanite is more than just a beautiful gemstone—it carries deep cultural and symbolic meanings that resonate across different societies. In its home country of Tanzania, the gemstone is seen as a symbol of national pride and natural heritage. The fact that it is found only in Tanzania makes it a unique and irreplaceable treasure for the country.
In the broader global context, tanzanite is often associated with transformation and spiritual awakening. Its deep blue-violet color is believed to promote emotional balance, inner peace, and a sense of calm. This symbolism is reflected in its use in meditation and holistic healing practices, where it is thought to enhance intuition and promote self-awareness.
In the world of jewelry, tanzanite is often used to create pieces that are both elegant and meaningful. Its versatility in design, from classic solitaires to intricate pendants and earrings, makes it a popular choice for those seeking a gemstone that is both rare and symbolic.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite is a rare and unique gemstone that is formed through a combination of geological processes that are specific to the region of Tanzania. Understanding its formation and the geological conditions that give rise to tanzanite is essential for appreciating its rarity and value.
The Geological Setting of Tanzania
Tanzanite is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. This region is characterized by a unique geological environment that includes metamorphic rocks, which are rocks that have been altered by heat and pressure. The Merelani Hills are part of the broader East African Orogen, a geological province known for its complex rock formations and mineral deposits.
The formation of tanzanite begins with the mineral zoisite, which is a calcium aluminum silicate. Under normal conditions, zoisite is found in green or brown hues. However, in the Merelani Hills, the zoisite underwent a process known as metamorphism, which altered its chemical structure and gave it the distinctive blue-violet coloration of tanzanite.
The Role of Heat and Pressure
The transformation of zoisite into tanzanite is attributed to the intense heat and pressure that are characteristic of metamorphic environments. During the formation process, the zoisite was subjected to high temperatures and pressures, which caused the rearrangement of its atomic structure. This process led to the development of the unique color and optical properties that define tanzanite.
The blue-violet coloration of tanzanite is due to the presence of trace amounts of vanadium and chromium, which act as colorants within the mineral structure. These elements are responsible for the gemstone's vibrant hues and are not commonly found in other varieties of zoisite.
Mining and Sustainability
The mining of tanzanite is a complex and challenging process that requires careful planning and execution. The Merelani Hills are a relatively small area, and the gemstone is found in a limited number of deposits. This scarcity has led to a high demand for tanzanite, which has, in turn, driven up its value.
Mining operations in the Merelani Hills are conducted by a combination of large-scale mining companies and small-scale miners. The large-scale operations are typically more organized and equipped with modern technology, while the small-scale miners rely on traditional methods and manual labor. Both types of mining contribute to the global supply of tanzanite, but they also raise concerns about sustainability and environmental impact.
Efforts have been made to promote sustainable mining practices in the region. These include initiatives aimed at reducing environmental degradation, improving working conditions for miners, and ensuring that the benefits of tanzanite mining are shared with local communities. Sustainable practices are essential for the long-term viability of the tanzanite industry and for preserving the natural resources of the Merelani Hills.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite is a remarkable gemstone, not only for its stunning appearance but also for its unique gemological properties. Understanding these properties is essential for gemologists, jewelers, and collectors, as they provide insights into the gemstone's durability, optical characteristics, and overall value.
Chemical Composition and Crystal Structure
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, which is a calcium aluminum silicate. The chemical formula for zoisite is Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH)·H₂O. What distinguishes tanzanite from other varieties of zoisite is the presence of trace amounts of vanadium and chromium, which are responsible for its striking blue-violet coloration.
The crystal structure of tanzanite is monoclinic, which means that it has a unique arrangement of atoms that gives it distinct optical properties. This structure also contributes to the gemstone's pleochroism, a phenomenon where the gemstone exhibits different colors when viewed from different angles.
Color and Pleochroism
One of the most notable characteristics of tanzanite is its pleochroism. This means that the gemstone can display multiple colors depending on the angle from which it is viewed. Tanzanite is typically cut to emphasize its most vibrant blue and violet hues, but it can also appear greenish when viewed from certain angles.
The pleochroism of tanzanite is due to the presence of vanadium and chromium in its crystal structure. These elements absorb certain wavelengths of light, resulting in the gemstone's diverse color display. The intensity and distribution of these elements can vary, leading to subtle differences in the color of each tanzanite specimen.
Hardness and Durability
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which places it in the mid-range of gemstone hardness. This means that it is relatively durable but not as hard as diamonds or sapphires. The gemstone is also somewhat brittle, which makes it susceptible to chipping or breaking if it is subjected to impact or pressure.
To preserve the beauty and longevity of tanzanite, it is important to handle it with care. Avoid exposing the gemstone to sudden temperature changes, which can cause it to crack. Additionally, tanzanite should be protected from harsh chemicals and abrasive materials, which can scratch its surface.
Clarity and Inclusions
Tanzanite is typically found with inclusions, which are natural imperfections within the gemstone. These inclusions can vary in size and type and can affect the gemstone's clarity and overall appearance. Some inclusions are visible to the naked eye, while others are only detectable under magnification.
The presence of inclusions in tanzanite is not considered a flaw but rather a testament to its natural formation. In fact, many collectors and jewelers appreciate the unique character that inclusions add to the gemstone. When evaluating tanzanite for clarity, it is important to consider the size, type, and location of the inclusions, as these factors can influence the gemstone's value and desirability.
Refractive Index and Luster
Tanzanite has a refractive index of approximately 1.69 to 1.70, which is relatively high for a gemstone. This high refractive index contributes to the gemstone's brilliance and sparkle, making it visually appealing in both natural and artificial light.
The luster of tanzanite is vitreous, meaning that it has a glassy appearance. This luster enhances the gemstone's color and makes it particularly attractive when cut and polished. The combination of its refractive index and vitreous luster makes tanzanite a popular choice for jewelry, as it captures and reflects light beautifully.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tanzanite is not only admired for its physical properties but also for its rich symbolism and the metaphysical beliefs associated with it. Across cultures and spiritual traditions, tanzanite is considered a powerful gemstone with a range of symbolic meanings and therapeutic properties.
Transformation and Spiritual Awakening
One of the most prominent symbols of tanzanite is transformation. The gemstone is believed to facilitate personal and spiritual growth by helping individuals release old patterns, emotions, and behaviors that no longer serve them. This transformative quality makes tanzanite a popular choice for those undergoing significant life changes, such as career transitions, relationship shifts, or self-discovery journeys.
Tanzanite is also associated with spiritual awakening. It is thought to enhance intuition, promote self-awareness, and deepen one’s connection to the divine. In meditation practices, tanzanite is used to quiet the mind, open the heart, and access higher states of consciousness. Its deep blue-violet color is often linked to the throat and third eye chakras, which govern communication, intuition, and spiritual vision.
Emotional Balance and Inner Peace
Tanzanite is believed to have a calming and soothing effect on the mind and emotions. It is often used to help individuals manage stress, anxiety, and emotional turmoil. The gemstone is said to promote emotional balance by encouraging a sense of inner peace and stability. This makes it a valuable tool for those who are dealing with difficult emotions or navigating challenging life circumstances.
In some spiritual traditions, tanzanite is used to heal emotional wounds and promote forgiveness. It is believed to help individuals let go of past grievances and move forward with a lighter heart. This healing property is particularly relevant for those who are struggling with issues of self-esteem, self-worth, or interpersonal conflicts.
Protection and Divine Guidance
Tanzanite is also considered a protective gemstone. It is believed to shield the wearer from negative energies and harmful influences. In some cultures, tanzanite is used as a talisman to ward off evil spirits and bring good fortune. This protective quality makes it a popular choice for those who are seeking to enhance their sense of security and well-being.
In addition to its protective properties, tanzanite is associated with divine guidance and spiritual protection. It is believed to connect the wearer to higher realms of consciousness and provide guidance from the spiritual world. This makes it a valuable tool for those who are seeking to deepen their spiritual practice and connect with their higher self.
Love and Relationships
Tanzanite is also linked to love and relationships. It is believed to promote harmony, understanding, and compassion in relationships. The gemstone is often used in couples’ jewelry to symbolize a deep emotional connection and mutual support. It is also thought to enhance communication and trust between partners, making it a meaningful choice for those who are committed to building strong and lasting relationships.
In some cultures, tanzanite is associated with the heart chakra, which governs love, compassion, and emotional healing. It is believed to help individuals open their hearts to love and receive love in return. This makes it a popular choice for those who are seeking to attract love or strengthen existing relationships.
Creativity and Inspiration
Tanzanite is also believed to enhance creativity and inspire artistic expression. It is often used by artists, writers, and musicians to tap into their creative potential and access new ideas. The gemstone is thought to stimulate imagination and encourage innovative thinking, making it a valuable tool for those who are engaged in creative pursuits.
In addition to its creative properties, tanzanite is believed to foster a sense of purpose and direction. It is thought to help individuals connect with their life’s mission and find meaning in their work. This makes it a valuable tool for those who are seeking to pursue their passions and live a more fulfilling life.
Care and Cleaning
Given its relative softness and brittleness, tanzanite requires special care to maintain its beauty and durability. Proper cleaning and handling are essential to ensure that the gemstone remains in pristine condition for years to come.
Cleaning Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be cleaned with care to avoid damaging its surface or causing it to crack. A gentle cleaning solution of warm water and mild dish soap is recommended for routine cleaning. The gemstone should be soaked in the solution for a few minutes and then gently scrubbed with a soft-bristled brush, such as a toothbrush.
After cleaning, the gemstone should be rinsed thoroughly with lukewarm water to remove any soap residue. It should then be dried with a soft, lint-free cloth to prevent scratches. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals, abrasive materials, or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone.
Storing Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be stored in a way that protects it from physical damage and exposure to harsh elements. It is best to store the gemstone in a soft, padded jewelry box or a fabric-lined pouch to prevent it from coming into contact with other jewelry that may scratch its surface. Tanzanite should also be kept away from direct sunlight and heat sources, as these can cause it to fade or become discolored over time.
Handling Tanzanite
When handling tanzanite, it is important to be gentle and avoid subjecting it to sudden impacts or pressure. The gemstone should be removed before engaging in activities that may expose it to physical stress, such as sports, manual labor, or household chores. It is also advisable to avoid wearing tanzanite jewelry in environments where it may come into contact with abrasive surfaces or chemicals, such as chlorine or bleach.
Professional Cleaning and Inspection
For more thorough cleaning or to address any concerns about the gemstone’s condition, it is advisable to seek the services of a professional jeweler. A qualified gemologist or jeweler can provide specialized cleaning and inspection services to ensure that the gemstone is properly maintained and any potential issues are addressed promptly.
Professional cleaning may involve the use of specialized tools and techniques that are safe for tanzanite. This can include steam cleaning or the use of ultrasonic cleaners that are specifically designed for softer gemstones. A professional jeweler can also inspect the gemstone for any signs of wear, damage, or loose settings that may need to be repaired.
Conclusion
Tanzanite is a gemstone of extraordinary beauty and significance. Its unique blue-violet color, pleochroism, and rich cultural history make it a standout among December birthstones. Discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, tanzanite quickly captured the attention of the global jewelry industry and was officially recognized as a December birthstone in 2002. The gemstone’s journey from a local mineral to a globally cherished birthstone is a testament to its enduring appeal and value.
Tanzanite’s geological properties, including its monoclinic crystal structure, moderate hardness, and pleochroism, contribute to its visual allure and desirability. Its chemical composition, with the presence of vanadium and chromium, gives it the vibrant colors that set it apart from other gemstones. Despite its relative softness, tanzanite is a durable gemstone that can be enjoyed in a variety of jewelry settings when properly cared for.
Beyond its physical properties, tanzanite carries deep symbolic and metaphysical meanings. It is associated with transformation, spiritual awakening, emotional balance, and creative inspiration. These qualities make it a meaningful choice for those seeking to connect with their inner selves and embrace personal growth. Tanzanite’s protective and healing properties further enhance its appeal, making it a valuable tool for those who seek to enhance their well-being and spiritual practice.
The care and maintenance of tanzanite are essential for preserving its beauty and longevity. Gentle cleaning, proper storage, and careful handling are key to ensuring that the gemstone remains in pristine condition. Seeking the assistance of a professional jeweler for cleaning and inspection can also help address any concerns and extend the life of the gemstone.
As a December birthstone, tanzanite represents the unique and transformative qualities of those born in this month. Its rarity, beauty, and symbolic significance make it a cherished gemstone that continues to captivate and inspire. Whether worn as a personal birthstone or as a meaningful gift, tanzanite is a gemstone that embodies the spirit of December and the enduring power of nature’s gifts.