July is a month rich in symbolism and natural beauty, and its association with two of the most compelling gemstones—ruby and onyx—reflects the dynamic energy of the summer season. While ruby is celebrated as the primary July birthstone in modern listings, onyx holds a storied history as an alternative gemstone, often tied to the zodiac sign Leo. Together, they offer a fascinating glimpse into the intersection of geology, culture, and belief systems.
This article explores the historical, geological, and symbolic dimensions of July’s birthstones, drawing from well-documented sources and authoritative perspectives. We will examine the origins of ruby and onyx as July birthstones, their chemical and physical properties, and the cultural and metaphysical meanings attributed to them across centuries.
Historical and Cultural Significance of July Birthstones
Ruby: The King of Gems
Ruby is widely recognized as the modern July birthstone, a title it has held since the 1950s when the Jewelers of America standardized the birthstone list. However, its journey to this esteemed status is steeped in ancient traditions and royal admiration. Known as the “king of precious stones” in ancient India, ruby was revered for its vibrant red hue and its perceived mystical properties.
In medieval Europe, ruby was believed to bring health, wisdom, and success in love. It was also thought to protect the wearer from danger. Burmese warriors carried rubies into battle, believing the stones would render them invincible. These beliefs, though not scientifically grounded, reflect the deep cultural significance of ruby in various historical contexts.
Ruby is also traditionally associated with the zodiac sign Leo, which spans from July 23 to August 22. This connection further cements its role as a symbol of strength, courage, and passion—traits often attributed to Leos.
Onyx: A Historical Legacy
Onyx, once the primary July birthstone, has a long and storied history that predates modern birthstone lists. In the 15th century, onyx was widely recognized as the gemstone for July in various cultures, including Jewish, Roman, and European traditions. Its association with the zodiac sign Leo has also contributed to its enduring appeal among July-born individuals.
The shift from onyx to ruby as the primary July birthstone occurred in 1912, when the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) published a standardized list of birthstones. While ruby became the primary gemstone for July, onyx remained an acknowledged alternative, especially among those who valued its bold, modern aesthetic and its grounding properties.
Diverse Interpretations and Alternative Birthstones
In some traditions, July is associated with a range of alternative gemstones beyond ruby and onyx. These include citrine, garnet, sapphire, topaz, agate, beryl, and amber. These stones are often linked to July through zodiac signs, guardian angels, and special apostles.
For instance, the special apostle for July is Saint Matthew, whose symbolic connection to accounting and commerce has led to the association of gemstones like sapphire and topaz with this month. Other interpretations, such as those involving guardian angels, have linked amber as a July birthstone, believed to offer spiritual protection and emotional support.
Geological Formation and Sources of July Birthstones
Ruby: The Corundum Marvel
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum (Al₂O₃), distinguished by the presence of chromium, which imparts its characteristic red color. The more chromium present, the deeper the red hue. The finest quality ruby, known in the trade as “pigeon’s blood,” is a deep red with a slight purplish overtone and is considered one of the most desirable gemstones in the world.
Ruby forms under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s crust, typically in metamorphic rocks. The most famous sources of high-quality ruby include Myanmar (Burma), Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Vietnam. Burmese rubies, in particular, are renowned for their vivid red color and exceptional clarity.
Ruby ranks 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it second only to diamond in terms of durability. This high hardness makes it ideal for use in jewelry, though it can still be scratched by diamond and damaged by extreme heat or sudden temperature changes.
Onyx: A Chalcedony Classic
Onyx is a banded variety of chalcedony (a type of microcrystalline quartz), known for its smooth texture and distinctive parallel banding. It is typically black, though it can also be found in white, gray, or brown hues. The black variety is the most common and is especially valued for its sleek appearance and versatility in jewelry.
Onyx is formed through the slow deposition of silica-rich water in cavities within volcanic rock. Over time, this process creates the characteristic banding that onyx is known for. Major sources of onyx include Brazil, India, Nepal, Indonesia, and Madagascar.
Onyx ranks 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but not as hard as ruby. It is also more susceptible to damage from acidic substances and rough handling, which should be considered when cleaning and caring for onyx jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Ruby: A Stone of Passion and Protection
Throughout history, ruby has been associated with a wide range of symbolic meanings. In many cultures, it has been considered a stone of passion, often linked to love, desire, and vitality. Its deep red color is frequently associated with the heart, making it a powerful symbol of emotional and physical energy.
Ruby is also believed to offer protection and strength. In ancient times, it was thought to ward off evil spirits and bring good fortune. Some cultures believed that ruby could predict danger or misfortune, while others claimed it could cure diseases and relieve anger.
Modern metaphysical beliefs continue to attribute energetic and emotional benefits to ruby. It is often used in crystal healing practices to stimulate the heart chakra and promote feelings of love, courage, and self-confidence.
Onyx: A Stone of Grounding and Strength
Onyx is often described as a grounding stone, believed to provide stability and emotional balance. It is associated with the base chakra and is thought to help absorb negative energy and provide protection from stress and negativity.
Historically, onyx has been used in amulets and talismans to promote courage and resilience. It was especially popular among warriors and leaders, who believed it would help them remain focused and composed in times of conflict or challenge.
In modern metaphysical practices, onyx is still valued for its protective and stabilizing properties. It is often used to help individuals stay centered, especially during periods of transition or emotional turmoil.
Care and Maintenance of July Birthstones
Caring for Ruby
Given its high hardness, ruby is relatively easy to care for. However, because it can be sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes, it is important to avoid exposing ruby to extreme conditions. Here are some care tips:
- Cleaning: Ruby can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. A mild jewelry cleaning solution can also be used, but avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
- Avoiding Heat: Ruby should not be exposed to high heat, such as direct sunlight for prolonged periods or proximity to heat sources like ovens or stoves.
- Storage: Store ruby jewelry in a cool, dry place, preferably in a soft cloth or jewelry box to prevent scratches and damage.
Caring for Onyx
Onyx is more delicate than ruby and requires a bit more care due to its lower hardness and susceptibility to acidic substances.
- Cleaning: Clean onyx with a soft cloth and lukewarm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as they can damage the surface.
- Avoiding Acids: Onyx is sensitive to acids, so avoid exposing it to acidic substances like lemon juice or vinegar.
- Storage: Store onyx jewelry in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. A soft cloth or jewelry box is ideal to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
July’s birthstones—ruby and onyx—offer a compelling duality that reflects the month’s vibrant energy and rich symbolism. Ruby, with its deep red color and association with passion and protection, has long been revered as a gem of power and vitality. Onyx, with its bold, banded appearance and grounding properties, provides a complementary contrast, offering strength and stability to those who wear it.
Both gemstones have a rich geological and cultural history, from their formation deep within the Earth to their use in ancient traditions and modern jewelry. Whether you are drawn to the fiery brilliance of ruby or the sleek elegance of onyx, July’s birthstones are a testament to the enduring appeal of gemstones as both beautiful adornments and meaningful symbols.
Understanding the properties, history, and care of these gemstones not only enhances their value but also deepens our appreciation for the natural and cultural forces that have shaped their significance over time.