September, the month of autumn's arrival, is graced with a rich array of gemstones that have long captivated humanity with their beauty, symbolism, and mystique. Unlike most months, September boasts multiple birthstones—each with its own history, properties, and cultural significance. Among these, blue sapphire and lapis lazuli stand out as the primary modern birthstones for the month, while peridot, sardonyx, zircon, moonstone, and agate also hold a place in traditional, ancient, or regional calendars. This article explores the gemological, historical, and symbolic attributes of these September birthstones, drawing from a variety of authoritative sources and historical records.
Introduction
The birthstones of September reflect a fascinating blend of natural beauty, cultural tradition, and symbolic meaning. Blue sapphire, the most widely recognized September birthstone, has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight. Lapis lazuli, its alternate counterpart, is revered for its deep blue hue and its connection to creativity and awareness. Beyond these two, the month’s birthstone roster includes gems like peridot, sardonyx, zircon, moonstone, and agate—each with its own historical roots and gemological properties.
This article delves into the geological formation, cultural symbolism, and spiritual significance of these September birthstones, offering a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry collectors, and those interested in the deeper meanings behind these stones.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The Evolution of September Birthstones
The concept of birthstones has its roots in ancient traditions, including the biblical account of Aaron’s breastplate, which listed twelve gemstones representing the tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones were adapted into modern birthstone lists, often incorporating regional variations and historical preferences.
The modern designation of blue sapphire as the September birthstone is relatively recent, having been officially recognized in the 20th century. Before this, peridot held the distinction in several traditional and ancient calendars, including the Roman, Hebrew, and Arabic systems. Similarly, sardonyx was the September birthstone in the old Roman and Polish calendars, while zircon and moonstone appeared in the Hindu and Ayurvedic traditions.
In the early 20th century, the National Association of Jewelers in the United States and the British Gemstone Association established standardized lists of modern birthstones. It was during this period that blue sapphire and lapis lazuli were designated as the primary and alternate birthstones for September, respectively.
Symbolism and Lore
Each September birthstone carries its own unique symbolism, often rooted in ancient beliefs and folklore.
Sapphire has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight. In medieval Europe, it was believed to protect the wearer from harm and bring clarity of mind. Sapphires were also associated with the heavens, as their deep blue color was thought to mirror the sky and the divine.
Lapis Lazuli, known for its rich blue color and golden specks of pyrite, has been revered for centuries. Ancient Egyptians used lapis lazuli in cosmetics and sacred rituals, believing it to enhance wisdom and purity. In medieval Europe, it was used to make pigments for illuminated manuscripts, and in modern times, it is associated with creativity and self-expression.
Peridot, a green to yellow gemstone, was once thought to ward off nightmares and negativity. It was especially popular in ancient Egypt, where it was believed to be a gift from the sun god Ra.
Sardonyx, a banded form of onyx, was worn by Roman soldiers for courage and protection. It was also used in signet rings and seals, symbolizing strength and authority.
Zircon, particularly its blue variety, is considered a stone of prosperity and peace of mind. In Hindu tradition, it was believed to bring harmony and balance to the wearer.
Moonstone, with its ethereal glow, is associated with serenity and emotional balance. In India, it was believed to be formed from moonlight and was used in rituals to calm the mind.
Agate, especially its banded forms, is linked to prudence, intelligence, and eloquence. In Tibetan tradition, agate was considered a protective and grounding stone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires
Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Corundum is one of the hardest minerals on Earth, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, second only to diamond. The deep blue color of sapphire is caused by trace amounts of titanium and iron.
Sapphires are formed under intense heat and pressure in the Earth's crust, often in metamorphic or igneous rock formations. They are found in various parts of the world, including:
- Sri Lanka – Known for producing some of the finest blue sapphires.
- Myanmar (Burma) – Famous for its "pigeon’s blood" sapphires, a vivid red-tinged blue.
- India – The source of some of the earliest known sapphires.
- Madagascar – A major modern producer of sapphires in a wide range of colors.
- Australia – Known for its "Padparadscha" sapphires, which display a rare pink-orange color.
Sapphires are typically cut into brilliant shapes to enhance their fire and sparkle. The most popular cut for blue sapphires is the emerald cut, though round brilliant, oval, and pear-shaped cuts are also common.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral, along with pyrite (which gives it a golden sheen) and calcite (which appears as white veins or flecks). It is not a single mineral but a rock composed of multiple minerals.
Lapis lazuli is formed when sedimentary rocks are subjected to high pressure and heat over long periods. It is found in:
- Afghanistan – The most renowned and historically significant source of lapis lazuli. The stone was mined in the same region for thousands of years.
- Egypt – Ancient Egyptians imported lapis lazuli from Afghanistan and used it in jewelry, amulets, and cosmetics.
- Russia – A major source in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
- Chile – Known for producing high-quality lapis lazuli with a deep blue color and fine grain.
- Pakistan and Argentina – Also produce notable quantities of lapis lazuli.
Lapis lazuli is often cut into cabochons or used in beads and inlay work. It is relatively soft compared to sapphire, with a Mohs hardness of 5–6, so it requires careful handling and is best suited for pendants and earrings rather than rings.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Mohs Hardness | Color | Refractive Index | Cut | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sapphire | Al₂O₃ (with trace titanium and iron) | 9 | Deep blue (most common), also pink, yellow, green, purple | 1.76–1.78 | Brilliant, emerald, oval | Rings, pendants, earrings |
| Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite, pyrite, calcite | 5–6 | Deep blue with gold flecks | Varies (not a single mineral) | Cabochon, beads, inlay | Pendants, earrings, beads |
Sapphire
- Color: The most prized sapphires are a deep, vivid blue, often referred to as "cornflower blue" or "pigeon’s blood."
- Hardness: With a Mohs hardness of 9, sapphires are extremely durable and suitable for everyday wear.
- Clarity: Sapphires are often included, but these inclusions are not considered flaws. They are part of the stone’s natural character.
- Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
- Specific Gravity: 3.95–4.03
Sapphires are heat-treated to enhance their color and clarity, a practice that is widely accepted in the gem trade.
Lapis Lazuli
- Color: Deep blue with golden specks of pyrite and white calcite veins.
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale.
- Transparency: Opaque.
- Refractive Index: Varies due to its composite nature.
- Specific Gravity: 2.4–2.9
Lapis lazuli is often polished to a high gloss and used in cabochons or inlay work. It is not typically used in rings due to its relative softness.
Care and Maintenance
Caring for Sapphire
Due to its high hardness (9 on the Mohs scale), sapphire is one of the most durable gemstones. However, it can still be damaged by hard knocks or abrasive materials.
- Cleaning: Sapphire can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are also safe.
- Storage: Store sapphire jewelry separately from harder stones to avoid scratches.
- Repair: If the stone is set in a ring or pendant, it should be professionally cleaned and inspected for loose settings.
Caring for Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is relatively soft and porous, so it requires more careful handling.
- Cleaning: Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can cause damage.
- Storage: Store lapis lazuli separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches.
- Avoid Moisture: Prolonged exposure to water or moisture can dull the stone’s luster.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sapphire
- Wisdom and Clarity: Sapphire has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight. It is believed to enhance mental clarity and promote a sense of calm.
- Protection and Peace: In medieval Europe, sapphire was considered a protective stone that could ward off evil and bring peace of mind.
- Loyalty and Purity: Sapphires are often associated with loyalty, purity, and sincerity. They are a popular choice for engagement rings and anniversary gifts.
- Anniversary Stones: Sapphire is the traditional gemstone for the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, and star sapphire is the traditional gift for the 65th anniversary.
Lapis Lazuli
- Creativity and Expression: Lapis lazuli is known as the "stone of the mind" and is believed to enhance creativity, awareness, and self-expression.
- Wisdom and Purity: It has been associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight. In ancient Egypt, it was used in sacred rituals and was believed to bring purity and enlightenment.
- Emotional Balance: Lapis lazuli is thought to help calm the mind and promote emotional balance. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices.
Conclusion
The September birthstones—sapphire, lapis lazuli, and others—offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and beauty. From the deep blue brilliance of sapphire to the golden-flecked elegance of lapis lazuli, these stones have captivated humanity for centuries. Whether worn for their aesthetic appeal, their historical significance, or their metaphysical properties, September birthstones continue to be treasured in jewelry and personal adornment.
Each gemstone carries a unique story, rooted in ancient traditions and modern interpretations. As the September birthstone, sapphire stands at the forefront, celebrated for its beauty, durability, and symbolic depth. Yet, the inclusion of other stones like lapis lazuli, peridot, sardonyx, zircon, moonstone, and agate enriches the September birthstone tradition, reflecting the diverse cultural and historical influences that have shaped our understanding of these precious gems.