National Geographic Birthstones: A Journey Through History, Science, and Culture

Gemstones have captivated human imagination for millennia, not only for their beauty but for the profound cultural and symbolic meanings they carry. Among these, birthstones—gemstones associated with specific months of the year—have become a cherished tradition, blending science, history, and personal significance. The National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit offers a unique and educational way for children (and collectors) to engage with this tradition. Inside this kit, 12 genuine birthstones—ranging from diamonds and rubies to pearls and opals—await discovery, each with its own story, geological origin, and cultural significance. This article explores the birthstones included in the kit, delving into their gemological properties, historical and cultural contexts, and the science behind their formation. It also highlights the broader significance of birthstones in global traditions and their enduring appeal across cultures and time.

History and Lore of Birthstones

The tradition of associating gemstones with birth months has ancient roots, evolving over centuries through cultural exchanges and scientific discoveries. Although the modern standardized list of birthstones was formalized in the United States in 1912 by the American National Retail Jewelers Association (now Jewelers of America), the practice of assigning symbolic meanings to gemstones predates recorded history.

In the Middle Ages, the wearing of gemstones was common across Europe, with many believing that the stones held protective or healing powers. By the 18th century, a more defined system of birthstones began to emerge, and by 1912, the list had taken a form that is largely recognizable today. The list has since evolved, with additions like tanzanite in 2002, reflecting the discovery of new gemstones and changing cultural trends.

The National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit captures this evolving tradition, offering 12 genuine gemstones that represent a diverse range of geological and cultural origins. These include:

  • Garnet (January)
  • Amethyst (February)
  • Aquamarine (March)
  • Diamond (April)
  • Emerald (May)
  • Pearl (June)
  • Ruby (July)
  • Peridot (August)
  • Opal (October)
  • Topaz (November)
  • Sapphire (September)
  • Citrine (November, as an alternate)

While the kit includes two gemstones for November—topaz and citrine—this reflects the flexibility of the birthstone tradition, which has allowed for multiple stones to be associated with a single month in various historical and regional contexts.

The cultural significance of these gemstones is as varied as their geological properties. For example, in India, the Navaratna (nine gemstone) tradition includes several of these stones, believed to bring balance and harmony to the wearer’s life. In Japan, pearls are highly revered and often chosen as birthstones even for months traditionally associated with other gems. In Russia, alexandrite holds a special place due to its discovery in the Ural Mountains and its connection to Tsar Alexander II.

As the world becomes more interconnected, the global perspective on birthstones is expanding. People are increasingly choosing gemstones that resonate with their personal or cultural heritage, making the tradition of birthstones more inclusive and meaningful. This movement is reflected in the diversity of gemstones included in the National Geographic kit, which offers not just a scientific and educational experience, but also a window into the rich cultural history of these stones.

Geological Formation and Sources of Birthstones

The 12 gemstones included in the National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit represent a wide range of geological origins and formation processes. Each stone is formed under specific geological conditions, often deep within the Earth’s crust, and their unique properties are the result of these natural processes.

Garnet

Garnet is a group of minerals that includes several varieties, such as almandine, pyrope, and grossular. It typically forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks under high pressure and temperature. Garnet is found in a variety of locations worldwide, including India, Brazil, and the United States. In the U.S., garnet is the state gemstone of New York and has been found in significant deposits in Virginia, where a 2,800-carat garnet was discovered in 1991 and named the Rutherford Lady.

Amethyst

Amethyst is a variety of quartz and is formed in the presence of iron impurities, which give it its characteristic purple color. It typically forms in geodes, which are hollow rock formations that allow the crystals to grow freely. Amethyst is found in Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. It is also a popular gemstone in the U.S., particularly in Colorado, where it is found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Aquamarine

Aquamarine is a variety of beryl and is formed in granitic pegmatites, which are igneous rocks that cool slowly and allow large crystals to form. The blue color of aquamarine is due to trace amounts of iron. Aquamarine is found in Brazil, Zambia, and the U.S., particularly in Colorado and Georgia. The U.S. state of Colorado has adopted aquamarine as one of its official state gemstones, alongside rhodochrosite and yule marble.

Diamond

Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring mineral and is formed under extreme pressure and temperature conditions deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic eruptions that create kimberlite pipes. The largest diamond found in the U.S., the Uncle Sam Diamond, was discovered at the Crater of Diamonds in Arkansas. Weighing over 2,800 carats, it is a significant find in the world of gemstones.

Emerald

Emerald is another variety of beryl and is formed in metamorphic rocks, often in association with mica schist and other minerals. The green color of emerald is due to chromium or vanadium impurities. Emeralds are found in Colombia, Brazil, and Zambia. In the U.S., emeralds have been found in Georgia, where the state has a rich geological history of beryl deposits.

Pearl

Pearls are formed in mollusks such as oysters and mussels. They are created when an irritant, such as a grain of sand, enters the mollusk’s shell. To protect itself, the mollusk coats the irritant with layers of nacre, which eventually forms a pearl. Natural pearls are rare, and most pearls today are cultured. Pearls are found in various parts of the world, including the Persian Gulf, Japan, and the U.S. state of Florida, which has adopted moonstone as its state gemstone.

Ruby

Ruby is a variety of corundum and is formed in metamorphic rocks under high pressure and temperature. The red color of ruby is due to trace amounts of chromium. Rubies are found in Myanmar, Thailand, and Madagascar. In the U.S., rubies have been found in Montana and North Carolina, but the state of Colorado has adopted ruby as one of its state gems.

Peridot

Peridot is a variety of olivine and is formed in igneous rocks, particularly in basaltic lava flows. It is found in Arizona, where it is the state gemstone, and in other parts of the world such as Pakistan and China. Peridot is one of the few gemstones that can be found in meteorites, which is a fascinating aspect of its geological history.

Opal

Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica and is formed in the cracks and voids of sedimentary rocks, particularly in arid regions where water evaporates quickly. Opal is found in Australia, Brazil, and the U.S., where it is the state gemstone of Nevada. The unique play of color in opal is due to the diffraction of light through its microscopic structure.

Topaz

Topaz is a silicate mineral that is formed in igneous rocks, particularly in granites and pegmatites. It is found in Brazil, Nigeria, and the U.S., where it is the state gemstone of New York. Topaz is known for its clarity and is available in a range of colors, including yellow, blue, and pink.

Sapphire

Sapphire is another variety of corundum and is formed in metamorphic rocks under high pressure and temperature. The blue color of sapphire is due to trace amounts of iron and titanium. Sapphires are found in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and the U.S., where they have been discovered in North Carolina and Montana.

Citrine

Citrine is a variety of quartz and is formed in the presence of iron impurities, which give it its characteristic yellow to orange color. It is found in Brazil, Madagascar, and the U.S., particularly in Colorado and Georgia. Citrine is often used as an alternative to topaz in birthstone collections.

Each of these gemstones has a unique geological story, and their formation processes are a testament to the power and complexity of the Earth’s natural systems. The inclusion of these stones in the National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit not only provides a hands-on educational experience but also highlights the diverse geological and cultural significance of these beautiful minerals.

Gemological Properties of the Birthstones

The 12 gemstones included in the National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit represent a wide range of gemological properties, from hardness and refractive index to color and clarity. Each gemstone has its own unique characteristics that make it valuable and desirable in both scientific and cultural contexts.

Garnet

Garnet is a group of minerals that includes several varieties, such as almandine, pyrope, and grossular. The hardness of garnet on the Mohs scale ranges from 6.5 to 7.5, making it relatively durable but not as hard as diamonds or corundum (sapphire and ruby). Garnet has a refractive index of 1.7 to 1.9, which gives it a vitreous luster. The color of garnet varies depending on the variety, with the most common being red due to the presence of iron. Garnet is often found in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is known for its deep, rich color.

Amethyst

Amethyst is a variety of quartz and has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.54 to 1.55 and is known for its characteristic purple color, which is due to the presence of iron impurities. Amethyst is often found in geodes and is available in a range of shades from light lavender to deep violet. It is a popular gemstone for jewelry due to its durability and vibrant color.

Aquamarine

Aquamarine is a variety of beryl and has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.57 to 1.58 and is known for its blue color, which is due to trace amounts of iron. Aquamarine is found in granitic pegmatites and is available in a range of shades from light blue to deep blue-green. It is a popular gemstone for jewelry and is often used in rings and pendants.

Diamond

Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring mineral and has a hardness of 10 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 2.417 and is known for its brilliance and fire. Diamond is formed under extreme pressure and temperature conditions deep within the Earth's mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic eruptions. The largest diamond found in the U.S., the Uncle Sam Diamond, was discovered at the Crater of Diamonds in Arkansas and weighed over 2,800 carats.

Emerald

Emerald is a variety of beryl and has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.57 to 1.58 and is known for its green color, which is due to trace amounts of chromium or vanadium. Emerald is formed in metamorphic rocks and is found in Colombia, Brazil, and Zambia. In the U.S., emeralds have been found in Georgia, where the state has a rich geological history of beryl deposits.

Pearl

Pearls are formed in mollusks such as oysters and mussels. They are not minerals but organic gemstones and have a hardness of 2.5 to 4.5 on the Mohs scale. Pearls have a refractive index of 1.50 to 1.67 and are known for their luster and iridescence. Natural pearls are rare, and most pearls today are cultured. Pearls are found in various parts of the world, including the Persian Gulf, Japan, and the U.S. state of Florida, which has adopted moonstone as its state gemstone.

Ruby

Ruby is a variety of corundum and has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.76 to 1.78 and is known for its red color, which is due to trace amounts of chromium. Rubies are formed in metamorphic rocks under high pressure and temperature. They are found in Myanmar, Thailand, and Madagascar. In the U.S., rubies have been found in Montana and North Carolina, but the state of Colorado has adopted ruby as one of its state gems.

Peridot

Peridot is a variety of olivine and has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70 and is known for its green color, which is due to the presence of iron. Peridot is formed in igneous rocks, particularly in basaltic lava flows. It is found in Arizona, where it is the state gemstone, and in other parts of the world such as Pakistan and China. Peridot is one of the few gemstones that can be found in meteorites, which is a fascinating aspect of its geological history.

Opal

Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica and has a hardness of 5.5 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.37 to 1.46 and is known for its unique play of color, which is due to the diffraction of light through its microscopic structure. Opal is formed in the cracks and voids of sedimentary rocks, particularly in arid regions where water evaporates quickly. Opal is found in Australia, Brazil, and the U.S., where it is the state gemstone of Nevada.

Topaz

Topaz is a silicate mineral that is formed in igneous rocks, particularly in granites and pegmatites. It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale and a refractive index of 1.61 to 1.63. Topaz is known for its clarity and is available in a range of colors, including yellow, blue, and pink. It is found in Brazil, Nigeria, and the U.S., where it is the state gemstone of New York.

Sapphire

Sapphire is another variety of corundum and has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.76 to 1.78 and is known for its blue color, which is due to trace amounts of iron and titanium. Sapphires are formed in metamorphic rocks under high pressure and temperature. They are found in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and the U.S., where they have been discovered in North Carolina and Montana.

Citrine

Citrine is a variety of quartz and has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.54 to 1.55 and is known for its yellow to orange color, which is due to the presence of iron impurities. Citrine is found in Brazil, Madagascar, and the U.S., particularly in Colorado and Georgia. Citrine is often used as an alternative to topaz in birthstone collections.

Each of these gemstones has unique gemological properties that contribute to their beauty and value. The National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit offers a hands-on way to explore these properties and appreciate the geological and cultural significance of these beautiful minerals.

Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs

The 12 gemstones included in the National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit are not only valued for their geological properties but also for their rich symbolism and metaphysical beliefs. These beliefs have evolved over centuries, influenced by cultural traditions, religious practices, and scientific discoveries. Each gemstone is associated with specific meanings, energies, and protective qualities, making them more than just beautiful adornments—they are also symbols of personal and spiritual significance.

Garnet

Garnet has long been associated with protection and vitality. In ancient times, it was believed to provide strength and courage to travelers and warriors. Garnet is also linked to the heart chakra and is thought to promote emotional healing and balance. In some cultures, garnet is considered a symbol of friendship and trust, making it a popular choice for gifts and jewelry.

Amethyst

Amethyst is known as the stone of sobriety and mental clarity. It has been used for centuries to help with sleep, calm the mind, and promote spiritual awareness. In medieval Europe, amethyst was believed to protect against drunkenness and was often worn by monks and clergy. Today, amethyst is still valued for its calming properties and is often used in meditation and healing practices.

Aquamarine

Aquamarine is associated with tranquility, peace, and protection. It has been used in ancient civilizations to calm fears and promote courage, especially in times of uncertainty. In the Renaissance period, sailors believed that aquamarine protected them from drowning and ensured safe passage across the seas. Aquamarine is also linked to the throat chakra and is thought to enhance communication and self-expression.

Diamond

Diamond has long been a symbol of love, strength, and purity. In ancient cultures, it was believed to be a gift from the gods, representing eternal love and unbreakable bonds. In modern times, diamonds are often used in engagement rings to symbolize commitment and fidelity. Diamond is also associated with clarity of thought and the ability to cut through illusions, making it a powerful stone for those seeking truth and insight.

Emerald

Emerald is linked to love, harmony, and balance. In ancient civilizations, it was believed to bring prosperity, wisdom, and spiritual enlightenment. Emerald is also associated with the heart chakra and is thought to promote emotional healing and compassion. In some cultures, emerald is considered a symbol of fertility and new beginnings, making it a popular choice for those seeking to start a new chapter in life.

Pearl

Pearl is a symbol of purity, innocence, and wisdom. In many cultures, pearls have been associated with the moon and are believed to enhance intuition and emotional balance. Pearls are also linked to the crown chakra and are thought to promote spiritual growth and connection to the divine. In some traditions, pearls are considered a symbol of feminine energy and are often worn by women to enhance their natural grace and elegance.

Ruby

Ruby is known as the stone of passion and vitality. In ancient times, it was believed to bring good fortune, protection, and success. Ruby is also associated with the heart and solar plexus chakras and is thought to promote confidence, courage, and self-esteem. In some cultures, ruby is considered a symbol of love and is often used in engagement rings and other romantic gifts.

Peridot

Peridot is linked to healing, transformation, and personal growth. In ancient times, it was believed to protect against nightmares and negative energies. Peridot is also associated with the heart and solar plexus chakras and is thought to promote self-love, compassion, and emotional healing. In some cultures, peridot is considered a symbol of renewal and is often used in rituals to mark new beginnings.

Opal

Opal is known for its unique play of color and is associated with creativity, inspiration, and emotional balance. In ancient times, it was believed to bring good fortune and protect against negative energies. Opal is also linked to the crown and third eye chakras and is thought to enhance intuition and spiritual awareness. In some cultures, opal is considered a symbol of transformation and is often used in rituals to mark major life changes.

Topaz

Topaz is associated with strength, wisdom, and protection. In ancient times, it was believed to bring good fortune and ward off illness and harm. Topaz is also linked to the crown and solar plexus chakras and is thought to promote confidence, clarity, and self-expression. In some cultures, topaz is considered a symbol of love and is often used in engagement rings and other romantic gifts.

Sapphire

Sapphire is linked to wisdom, truth, and spiritual growth. In ancient times, it was believed to protect against evil and promote divine favor. Sapphire is also associated with the third eye and crown chakras and is thought to enhance intuition and spiritual awareness. In some cultures, sapphire is considered a symbol of royalty and is often used in royal regalia and other ceremonial gifts.

Citrine

Citrine is known as the stone of abundance, prosperity, and joy. In ancient times, it was believed to bring good fortune and protect against negative energies. Citrine is also linked to the solar plexus chakra and is thought to promote confidence, motivation, and success. In some cultures, citrine is considered a symbol of happiness and is often used in rituals to attract positive energy and good luck.

The metaphysical beliefs associated with these gemstones have been passed down through generations and continue to influence how people use and value them today. Whether worn as jewelry, carried as talismans, or used in meditation and healing practices, these stones are believed to offer protection, guidance, and personal empowerment. The National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit not only provides a hands-on way to explore these properties but also offers a deeper understanding of the cultural and spiritual significance of these beautiful minerals.

Care and Cleaning of the Birthstones

Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of gemstones. Each of the 12 gemstones included in the National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit has unique properties that require specific care instructions to prevent damage and preserve their luster. Understanding the hardness, cleavage, and other physical characteristics of each stone is crucial for safe handling and cleaning.

Garnet

Garnet has a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale and does not have cleavage, making it relatively durable. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for garnet, but steam cleaning should be avoided as it can cause damage. Garnet is also sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should be kept away from extreme heat or cold.

Amethyst

Amethyst has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale and does not have cleavage. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. However, amethyst is sensitive to prolonged exposure to sunlight, which can cause it to fade. It is best to store amethyst in a cool, dark place when not in use. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for amethyst, but steam cleaning should be avoided.

Aquamarine

Aquamarine has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale and does not have cleavage. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Aquamarine is also safe to clean with ultrasonic and steam cleaners. However, it is sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should be kept away from extreme heat or cold.

Diamond

Diamond has a hardness of 10 on the Mohs scale and does not have cleavage. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are also safe for diamond. However, diamonds can be damaged if exposed to other diamonds, as their extreme hardness can cause scratches. It is best to clean diamonds separately from other gemstones.

Emerald

Emerald has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale and has cleavage, which makes it more fragile. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided, as they can cause damage to the stone. Emerald is also sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should be kept away from extreme heat or cold.

Pearl

Pearl is an organic gemstone and has a hardness of 2.5 to 4.5 on the Mohs scale. It should be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth and mild soap. Prolonged exposure to water, especially chlorinated water, can damage pearls. It is best to wipe pearls dry immediately after wearing them. Pearls should also be kept away from perfumes, lotions, and other chemicals, as they can dull the luster of the stone.

Ruby

Ruby has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale and has cleavage, which makes it more fragile. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for ruby, but care should be taken to avoid exposure to other gemstones, as their hardness can cause scratches. Ruby is also sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should be kept away from extreme heat or cold.

Peridot

Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale and does not have cleavage. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for peridot. However, peridot is sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should be kept away from extreme heat or cold.

Opal

Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica and has a hardness of 5.5 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale. It is also sensitive to water and should be cleaned with a soft, dry cloth. Prolonged exposure to water can cause opal to crack or become soft. Opal should also be kept away from extreme temperatures and humidity. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided, as they can cause damage to the stone.

Topaz

Topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale and does not have cleavage. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for topaz. However, topaz is sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should be kept away from extreme heat or cold.

Sapphire

Sapphire has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale and has cleavage, which makes it more fragile. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for sapphire, but care should be taken to avoid exposure to other gemstones, as their hardness can cause scratches. Sapphire is also sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should be kept away from extreme heat or cold.

Citrine

Citrine has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale and does not have cleavage. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for citrine. However, citrine is sensitive to prolonged exposure to sunlight, which can cause it to fade. It is best to store citrine in a cool, dark place when not in use.

By following these care and cleaning guidelines, the beauty and value of the gemstones in the National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit can be preserved for years to come. Each stone has unique properties that require specific handling and maintenance, and understanding these properties is essential for ensuring their longevity and luster.

Conclusion

The National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit offers a unique and educational experience that brings together the worlds of science, history, and culture. Each of the 12 gemstones included in the kit—garnet, amethyst, aquamarine, diamond, emerald, pearl, ruby, peridot, opal, topaz, sapphire, and citrine—has its own geological story, cultural significance, and metaphysical properties. These stones are not only beautiful but also rich in symbolism, making them valuable not only as collectibles but also as meaningful symbols of personal and spiritual significance.

From a geological perspective, the gemstones in the kit represent a wide range of formation processes and sources, from the deep, high-pressure environments where diamonds are formed to the sedimentary and igneous rocks where garnet, amethyst, and other stones are found. Each stone has a unique set of gemological properties, including hardness, refractive index, and color, which contribute to its beauty and durability.

Culturally, these gemstones have been associated with various traditions and beliefs across different civilizations. In ancient times, they were believed to offer protection, healing, and spiritual guidance. Today, they continue to be valued for their symbolic meanings, with many people choosing gemstones that resonate with their personal or cultural heritage. The tradition of birthstones has evolved over time, reflecting the blending of different cultural practices and the discovery of new gemstones.

The National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit not only provides a hands-on way to explore these properties but also encourages a deeper appreciation of the Earth's natural resources and the cultural significance of gemstones. It is a valuable educational tool that combines science, history, and personal connection, making it an ideal gift for children and collectors alike.

By understanding the geological, cultural, and metaphysical aspects of these gemstones, we can appreciate their value not just as beautiful objects but as symbols of our shared human heritage and the natural world.

Sources

  1. National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit – STEM Science Kit with 12 Genuine Birthstones, Includes a Real Diamond, Ruby, Sapphire, Pearl, & More, Dig Up Stunning Gemstones, Toys for Girls, Toys for Boys

  2. National Geographic Birthstone Dig Kit - STEM Science Kit with 12 Genuine Birthstones, Includes a Real Diamond, Ruby, Sapphire, Pearl, & More, Dig Up Stunning Gemstones, Toys for Girls, Toys for Boys

  3. Birthstone Details

  4. List of Gemstones Found in the USA

Related Posts