The ruby is more than just the July birthstone; it is a symbol of passion, power, and enduring beauty. Known as the “king of gemstones,” ruby has captivated civilizations for thousands of years, from ancient India to medieval Europe and beyond. Its deep red color, often described as “pigeon’s blood,” is derived from trace amounts of chromium within the corundum crystal structure. This article explores the rich history, cultural symbolism, geological properties, and modern care of the ruby, offering a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
History and Lore
Ruby has a storied past, deeply embedded in the traditions of ancient civilizations. The name “ruby” originates from the Latin word rubeus, meaning “red,” a color that has long been associated with vitality, courage, and love. In Sanskrit, ruby is referred to as ratnaraj, which translates to “king of precious stones.” This title reflects the gemstone’s esteemed status in ancient India, where it was revered not only for its beauty but also for its perceived mystical properties.
In India, ruby was believed to hold the power to bring prosperity, health, and success in love. Ancient Hindus offered rubies to the god Krishna, seeking divine favor and the promise of reincarnation as an emperor. These beliefs underscore the ruby’s symbolic connection to royalty and leadership. The gemstone’s association with power and authority was not limited to India. In medieval Europe, rubies were thought to bestow health, wisdom, and success in love. Some cultures even believed that rubies could predict danger or misfortune, making them a protective talisman for warriors and leaders alike.
The Mogok region of Myanmar (formerly Burma) is credited with the earliest known discovery of rubies, dating back to around 2500 BC. This region remains one of the most renowned sources of high-quality rubies today. The gemstones were traded along the North Silk Road as early as 200 BC, reaching as far as China and the Roman Empire. In China, rubies were considered symbols of immortality and were often used in imperial regalia. The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder wrote about rubies in the first century AD, describing them as “the most precious of stones” and attributing them with healing properties.
During the 15th and 16th centuries, rubies became a favorite of European royalty. British monarchs, including Queen Elizabeth I, owned ruby jewelry, and the gemstone was often included in royal regalia. In the Americas, Spanish conquistadors brought rubies back from their expeditions in South America, further spreading their fame across continents. The gemstone’s allure continued into the modern era, where it remains a symbol of passion and prestige, often featured in high-profile jewelry collections and royal heirlooms.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). What distinguishes ruby from other corundum varieties is the presence of trace amounts of chromium, which imparts its signature red color. The intensity of the red hue depends on the concentration of chromium; higher concentrations result in deeper, more vibrant colors. The finest rubies exhibit a deep red with a slight purplish tone, known in the trade as “pigeon’s blood.” This term, while not an official gemological classification, is often used to describe the most desirable color for a ruby.
The formation of ruby occurs deep within the Earth’s crust under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. These conditions cause the aluminum oxide to crystallize into corundum, with chromium substituting for some aluminum atoms in the crystal lattice. Over time, geological forces bring these gemstones closer to the surface, where they can be mined.
Some of the most significant ruby sources are located in Asia. The Mogok Valley in Myanmar has long been considered the most prestigious source of rubies, particularly those with the coveted pigeon’s blood color. Other notable sources include:
- Thailand: The Chantaburi and Battambang regions have historically produced high-quality rubies, though the supply has diminished in recent decades.
- Afghanistan: The Jegdalek mines near Kabul are known for producing rubies with a slightly different hue, often more orange or brownish in tone.
- Sri Lanka: Rubies have been mined in Sri Lanka since around 800 BC. While the quality is generally lower than that of Burmese rubies, Sri Lankan rubies are still valued for their vibrant color.
- Myanmar (Burma): In addition to Mogok, rubies are also found in other parts of Myanmar, including the Hpa-An region, which has become a major source in recent years.
Rubies are also found in smaller quantities in other parts of the world, including Madagascar, Vietnam, and parts of Africa. However, the most prized rubies continue to come from the traditional Asian sources. The scarcity of high-quality rubies, combined with their deep red color and historical significance, makes them one of the most valuable gemstones in the world.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of ruby is essential for both collectors and jewelry buyers. Ruby is a type of corundum, which ranks 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. This makes it one of the hardest gemstones, second only to diamond. Its durability makes it suitable for everyday wear, though it can still be scratched by diamond or other corundum gems like sapphire.
Chemical Composition and Physical Properties
- Chemical Formula: Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide) with trace amounts of chromium
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 9
- Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
- Specific Gravity: 3.95–4.10
- Crystal System: Hexagonal
- Color: Red, with variations from deep red to purplish red, depending on chromium content
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Inclusions: Common; often referred to as “silk” when composed of minute needle-like inclusions
The red color of ruby is due to the presence of chromium ions (Cr³⁺) in the crystal lattice. These ions absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect the red spectrum, giving the gemstone its characteristic hue. The intensity of the color is influenced by the concentration of chromium and the lighting conditions under which the stone is viewed.
Treatments and Enhancements
While natural rubies are highly valued, many on the market today have been treated to enhance their appearance. The most common treatment is heat treatment, which is used to remove purplish coloration and improve clarity. Heat treatment can also reduce the visibility of inclusions, making the gemstone more transparent. This process is generally stable and widely accepted in the gem trade.
Other treatments include lattice diffusion and dyeing. Lattice diffusion involves introducing elements into the surface of the gemstone to alter its color, while dyeing is used to fill surface-reaching fractures with colored material. These treatments are less stable and may affect the durability of the gemstone. Glass-filling is another technique used to improve transparency, though it can make the gemstone more susceptible to damage.
When purchasing a ruby, it is important to ask about any treatments it has undergone. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) requires disclosure of treatments that affect a gemstone’s perceived value, and a GIA Identification Report can help determine whether a ruby is natural or synthetic and whether it has been treated.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, ruby has been associated with a wide range of symbolic and metaphysical properties. In many cultures, the gemstone is seen as a symbol of passion, vitality, and protection. Its deep red color has often been linked to the life force of blood, making it a powerful symbol of energy and life.
In ancient India, ruby was believed to bring prosperity, health, and success in love. Warriors in Burma were said to wear rubies into battle, believing they made them invincible. In medieval Europe, rubies were thought to bestow wisdom, wealth, and success in love. Some cultures even believed that rubies could predict danger or misfortune, serving as a protective talisman for those who wore them.
In modern times, ruby continues to be associated with passion and love. It is often given as a gift for engagements, weddings, and anniversaries, particularly for the 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries. Ruby is also considered a stone of courage and determination, making it a popular choice for those seeking motivation and inspiration.
Some metaphysical beliefs suggest that ruby can stimulate the heart chakra and enhance emotional healing. It is also thought to promote confidence, strength, and vitality, making it a popular gemstone for those seeking to boost their energy and assertiveness. While these beliefs are not scientifically proven, they continue to influence the popularity and appeal of ruby in both traditional and modern contexts.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its high hardness and durability, ruby is generally easy to care for. However, it is important to be aware of any treatments the gemstone may have undergone, as this can affect its cleaning and maintenance. Here are some general guidelines for caring for ruby jewelry:
- Cleaning: Rubies can typically be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are usually safe for untreated, heat-treated, and lattice diffusion-treated rubies. Glass-filled or dyed rubies should only be cleaned with a damp cloth to avoid damaging the treatment.
- Storage: Store ruby jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. A soft cloth or jewelry box with individual compartments is ideal.
- Avoiding Damage: Avoid exposing ruby to harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, or sudden impacts. While ruby is hard, it can still be chipped or fractured if subjected to excessive force.
- Professional Cleaning: If you are unsure about the best way to clean a ruby, consult a professional jeweler or gemologist. They can provide guidance based on the specific characteristics of the gemstone.
By following these care tips, you can help preserve the beauty and value of your ruby jewelry for years to come.
Conclusion
The ruby is a gemstone of enduring beauty and historical significance. As the July birthstone, it carries with it a legacy of power, passion, and protection. From its ancient origins in India and Myanmar to its continued prominence in modern jewelry collections, ruby remains one of the most coveted and revered gemstones in the world. Its deep red color, derived from trace amounts of chromium, gives it a unique and captivating allure that has fascinated civilizations for millennia.
Understanding the geological, cultural, and metaphysical aspects of ruby provides a deeper appreciation for this remarkable gemstone. Whether worn as a symbol of love, a token of protection, or simply for its breathtaking beauty, ruby continues to captivate and inspire. For those who were born in July or who simply have a fondness for red gemstones, ruby is a meaningful and valuable choice.