December is a month rich in tradition and symbolism, and its association with multiple birthstones reflects this complexity. The birthstones for December include blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, turquoise, and lapis lazuli. These gemstones vary in their physical properties, historical significance, and cultural meanings, yet they all share the common thread of being tied to the end of the year—a time of celebration, reflection, and new beginnings.
This article explores the characteristics, history, care, and cultural significance of these five December birthstones. Each gemstone is examined in detail, with a focus on their geological origins, symbolic meanings, and practical care tips. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this guide provides a wealth of information to deepen your appreciation for these captivating stones.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back to biblical times, with the earliest known references appearing in the Breastplate of Aaron described in the Book of Exodus. The ancient belief was that each gemstone held protective powers and could influence the health and well-being of the wearer. Over time, this practice evolved into the modern birthstone calendar we recognize today.
December’s selection of gemstones reflects both ancient and modern influences. Turquoise and lapis lazuli are among the oldest, with their use dating back thousands of years. Turquoise, for instance, has been found in archaeological sites in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Americas, where it was used in amulets and jewelry to provide protection and good fortune. Lapis lazuli, known for its deep blue color and gold flecks, was highly prized by the Egyptians and used in the funerary mask of Tutankhamun.
In more recent history, blue topaz and tanzanite have emerged as popular December birthstones. Blue topaz was first discovered in Brazil in the 19th century and gained popularity due to its affordability and vibrant color. Tanzanite, on the other hand, is a relatively new gemstone, first discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s. Its unique blue-violet color and limited geographic origin make it a rare and valuable addition to the December birthstone list.
Zircon, while not as well-known as the others, is also considered a December birthstone. It is a versatile gemstone that comes in a range of colors, with blue zircon being particularly popular. Zircon has been used in jewelry for centuries and is often heat-treated to enhance its color.
Together, these five gemstones represent a blend of ancient tradition and modern innovation, making December one of the most diverse months in the birthstone calendar.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones has a unique geological origin and set of physical properties that define its appearance and durability.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of topaz that forms in granitic rocks and pegmatites. It is composed of aluminum silicate with fluorine and is known for its hardness, ranking 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it relatively durable and suitable for everyday wear. The blue color in topaz is typically the result of irradiation and heat treatment, which enhances its natural color. Blue topaz is commonly found in Brazil, the United States, and Nigeria.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite that was first discovered in Tanzania in 1967. It is unique to this region, making it one of the most geographically exclusive gemstones. Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, meaning it can display three different colors—blue, purple, and brown—depending on the angle of light. Its hardness is 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it somewhat delicate compared to other gemstones. Tanzanite is often heat-treated to enhance its color, a process that is widely accepted in the gemstone trade.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that occurs in a variety of colors, including blue, yellow, red, and green. Blue zircon is particularly popular as a December birthstone and is often heat-treated to achieve its vibrant blue color. Zircon has a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable. It is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Cambodia, and Brazil.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper. It forms in arid regions where copper-rich minerals react with water. This process, known as oxidation, results in the characteristic blue-green color of turquoise. Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. It is often stabilized with resins to enhance its durability. The most famous sources of turquoise are in the southwestern United States, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with varying amounts of pyrite and calcite. It is known for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite. Lapis lazuli is one of the oldest gemstones, with a history of use dating back to ancient Egypt. It has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale and is relatively soft compared to other gemstones. The primary source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, though it is also found in Russia, Chile, and the United States.
Each of these gemstones is formed through distinct geological processes and is found in specific locations around the world. Their unique properties and origins contribute to their allure and make them valuable additions to the December birthstone collection.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of each December birthstone is essential for both collectors and jewelry buyers. These properties include hardness, color, clarity, and refractive index, all of which affect the stone’s appearance and durability.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the more durable gemstones in the December collection. Its color can range from a pale blue to a deep, intense blue. The refractive index of blue topaz is between 1.61 and 1.63, which gives it a bright, clear appearance. Clarity is generally high, with most blue topaz being free of inclusions.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which means it is relatively soft and requires careful handling. Its trichroic nature allows it to display three different colors—blue, purple, and brown—depending on the light source. The refractive index of tanzanite is between 1.69 and 1.70, giving it a vitreous luster. Clarity is usually good, but inclusions can be present in some specimens.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon has a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone. Its refractive index is between 1.92 and 2.00, which gives it a high dispersion and a brilliant sparkle. Blue zircon is known for its fire and brilliance, which are enhanced by proper cutting. Clarity is generally high, with most stones being free of inclusions.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, which makes it one of the softer gemstones in the December collection. It is often stabilized with resins to improve its durability. The refractive index of turquoise is between 1.61 and 1.63, which gives it a waxy luster. Clarity is not a major concern for turquoise, as it is typically opaque with visible matrix patterns.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft. It is a metamorphic rock rather than a gemstone, but it is often used in jewelry and decorative objects. The refractive index of lapis lazuli is between 1.65 and 1.70, which gives it a vitreous luster. Clarity is not a standard consideration for lapis lazuli, as it is typically opaque with visible inclusions of pyrite and calcite.
These gemological properties define the characteristics of each December birthstone and influence their use in jewelry. Blue topaz and zircon are more durable and suitable for everyday wear, while tanzanite, turquoise, and lapis lazuli require more careful handling due to their relative softness.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December’s birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs, which have been passed down through generations. These beliefs often reflect the cultural and historical contexts in which the gemstones were used.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with wisdom, clarity, and truth. It is believed to enhance mental focus and promote a sense of calm and confidence. In ancient times, blue topaz was used to ward off negative energy and to bring good fortune. It is also believed to have healing properties, particularly for the throat and thyroid gland.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with emotional healing and spiritual transformation. It is believed to help individuals release old patterns and embrace new beginnings. Tanzanite is also thought to enhance intuition and psychic abilities. In some cultures, it is used to promote peace and harmony in relationships.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is linked to protection and good fortune. It is believed to shield the wearer from negative energy and to attract positive experiences. Blue zircon is also associated with wisdom and clarity, making it a popular choice for those seeking guidance in difficult times.
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the oldest and most revered gemstones. It is associated with protection, healing, and good luck. In many cultures, turquoise is believed to have the power to ward off evil spirits and to bring prosperity. It is also used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and to promote a sense of calm and serenity. In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was used in religious ceremonies and was considered a sacred stone. It is also believed to have healing properties, particularly for the throat and voice.
These symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs add to the allure of December’s birthstones, making them more than just beautiful gemstones but also meaningful accessories with deep cultural significance.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to chemicals and temperature changes.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It can also be cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner, though this should be done with caution. Blue topaz should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches. It is resistant to most chemicals and can be worn during most activities, though it should be removed during high-impact tasks.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone that should be handled with care. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush, avoiding ultrasonic cleaners and steamers. Tanzanite should also be protected from sudden temperature changes and harsh chemicals. It is best to store it separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It should be handled with care to avoid sharp impacts, as it can be brittle. Blue zircon is resistant to most chemicals and can be worn during most activities, though it should be removed during high-impact tasks.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a porous gemstone that is sensitive to chemicals and oils. It should be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth and stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches. Turquoise should be kept away from lotions, perfumes, and other chemicals, as they can damage the stone. It is best to avoid wearing turquoise during activities that involve heavy sweating or exposure to harsh chemicals.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft gemstone that should be handled with care. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush, avoiding harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners. Lapis lazuli should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It is best to avoid wearing it during activities that involve heavy sweating or exposure to harsh chemicals.
By following these care and cleaning guidelines, you can ensure that your December birthstones remain beautiful and vibrant for years to come.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, turquoise, and lapis lazuli—represent a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique properties, history, and symbolism. From the ancient allure of turquoise to the modern elegance of tanzanite, these gemstones offer a blend of tradition and innovation that makes them special for those born in December.
Whether you are drawn to the deep blue of lapis lazuli, the vibrant sparkle of blue topaz, or the mystical beauty of tanzanite, each of these gemstones has a story to tell. Their historical significance, cultural symbolism, and gemological properties make them more than just decorative accessories—they are meaningful connections to the past and powerful symbols of the present.
By understanding the characteristics, care, and symbolism of these gemstones, you can make informed choices when selecting December birthstone jewelry. Whether as a gift or a personal treasure, these gemstones are sure to bring joy, beauty, and meaning to your life.