For those born on December 20th, the birthstone is a unique trio of gemstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. Each of these stones carries its own rich history, symbolism, and gemological significance, making them not only beautiful but deeply meaningful for individuals born on this date. This article delves into the origins, properties, cultural associations, and practical care of these gemstones, offering a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry collectors, and those curious about the mystical allure of December 20th birthstones.
Introduction
December 20th is one of the few birthdays that share the distinction of having three official birthstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. This triad is unique among birthstone traditions and reflects the diverse history of how birthstones have evolved over centuries. While turquoise has been the most consistently associated with December, the addition of tanzanite in 2002 and zircon in 1952 has expanded the symbolic and aesthetic appeal of December’s gemstone offerings.
These stones are not just admired for their beauty, but also for their metaphysical properties and healing energies. Each is believed to bring protection, clarity, and emotional balance to the wearer. Whether used in jewelry or spiritual practices, they hold a special place in both ancient traditions and modern gemology.
This article will explore the history, physical properties, symbolic meanings, and practical care of each gemstone, providing readers with a deep and nuanced understanding of the December 20th birthstone.
History and Lore
The Evolution of December Birthstones
The concept of birthstones dates back thousands of years, with the earliest references found in the Biblical Book of Exodus, where Aaron’s breastplate was adorned with twelve gemstones, each representing a tribe of Israel. Over time, these stones were associated with different months, forming the basis of the modern birthstone calendar.
December’s birthstone history, however, has seen multiple changes. In 1870, Tiffany & Co. listed turquoise as the December birthstone in its "Gregorian Birthstone Poems" pamphlet. By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now known as Jewellers of America) also listed turquoise as the primary December birthstone, with lapis lazuli as an alternative.
In 1952, zircon was added to the list by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, and in 2002, tanzanite was officially included, making December one of the only months with three designated birthstones.
This evolution reflects not only the changing tastes of the jewelry industry but also the discovery and appreciation of new gemstones. Tanzanite, for example, was only discovered in the 1960s and quickly became a favorite among gemstone collectors and jewelers.
Cultural Significance
Each of the December birthstones has its own rich cultural and historical background.
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with evidence of its use dating back over 6,000 years. It has been found in ancient Egyptian tombs, Native American jewelry, and Chinese artifacts. In many cultures, turquoise is considered a stone of protection and good fortune.
In Ancient Egypt, turquoise was used to create jewelry and amulets for the dead, believed to protect them in the afterlife. Native American tribes, particularly the Navajo and Zuni, have long revered turquoise as a sacred stone, using it in ceremonial jewelry and as a symbol of health and harmony.
The name “turquoise” itself comes from the French pierre turquoise, meaning “Turkish stone,” as it was once believed to have been brought to Europe from Turkey, though in reality, it was imported from Persia (modern-day Iran).
Tanzanite
Tanzanite, on the other hand, is a relatively modern discovery. It was first identified in the late 1960s in Tanzania, and its deep blue to violet color quickly made it a favorite in the jewelry world. Tanzanite is a trigonal variety of the mineral zoisite, and its color is due to the presence of violet vanadium ions.
Tanzanite was officially designated as a birthstone in 2002, and its inclusion in the December list reflects the growing appreciation for rare and newly discovered gemstones. It is also notable for being found only in Tanzania, making it a truly exclusive and local gemstone.
Zircon
Zircon has been known for centuries, but it was only in the 20th century that it was officially recognized as a December birthstone. Zircon is a silicate mineral that comes in a variety of colors, but blue zircon is particularly popular and is the form most commonly associated with December.
Historically, zircon was often mistaken for hyacinth, a term used in older texts to describe various red or yellow gems. However, with advancements in gemology, zircon has gained its own identity as a beautiful and durable gemstone.
Zircon is also notable for its high refractive index, which gives it a sparkling, fire-like brilliance. This property made it a popular substitute for diamonds in the early 20th century, especially in European jewelry.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is an amorphous phosphate mineral composed primarily of copper and aluminum. It forms in weathered copper deposits, often in arid climates where water can percolate through the earth and deposit the mineral in crevices and fissures.
The most famous sources of turquoise include:
- Nevada, USA – Known for its “Nevada Blue” variety.
- Iran (Persia) – The historic source of some of the finest turquoise.
- China – Particularly from the Shaanxi and Qinghai provinces.
- Mexico – Especially in the Chihuahua and Sonora regions.
The color of turquoise can vary from deep blue to greenish-blue, depending on the presence of copper (blue) and iron (green). The presence of matrix—the dark-colored host rock—can also affect the appearance of the stone.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a trigonal mineral belonging to the zoisite family. It is formed under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, typically in metamorphic rock formations. The only known source of tanzanite is in Tanzania, specifically in the Merelani Hills near Arusha.
This makes tanzanite one of the most exclusive gemstones in the world, as it is not found anywhere else on Earth. The violet-blue color of tanzanite is due to the presence of vanadium, which is heated and treated to enhance its color and clarity.
The rarity of tanzanite has made it a highly sought-after gemstone, and its limited geographic source ensures that it remains a unique and valuable stone.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate that occurs in a wide range of colors, including blue, yellow, red, brown, and colorless. The blue variety is the most popular and is the form used in the December birthstone list.
Zircon is found in various parts of the world, including:
- Australia
- Sri Lanka
- Madagascar
- India
- Brazil
Zircon is known for its high refractive index, which gives it a sparkling, diamond-like brilliance. It also has a high dispersion, meaning it can reflect light in a rainbow of colors, making it a popular choice for sparkling jewelry.
Unlike tanzanite, zircon is not a rare gemstone, but its brilliance and beauty make it a valuable and desirable option for those who appreciate colorful, radiant gemstones.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Chemical Composition | Specific Gravity | Refractive Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to greenish-blue | 5-6 | Hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum | 2.7–2.9 | 1.60–1.64 |
| Tanzanite | Violet-blue to blue | 6–7 | Calcium aluminum silicate (zoisite) with vanadium | 3.0–3.4 | 1.69–1.70 |
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, red, brown, colorless | 6–7.5 | Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄) | 4.5–5.1 | 1.92–2.01 |
Turquoise
- Color: Blue to greenish-blue, depending on the presence of copper and iron.
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and prone to scratching and chipping.
- Chemical Composition: Hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum.
- Specific Gravity: 2.7–2.9, relatively light for a gemstone.
- Refractive Index: 1.60–1.64, moderate.
Tanzanite
- Color: Violet-blue to blue, enhanced by heat treatment.
- Hardness: 6–7 on the Mohs scale, relatively durable.
- Chemical Composition: Calcium aluminum silicate (zoisite) with vanadium.
- Specific Gravity: 3.0–3.4, heavier than turquoise.
- Refractive Index: 1.69–1.70, moderate to high.
Zircon
- Color: Blue, yellow, red, brown, colorless.
- Hardness: 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale, relatively durable.
- Chemical Composition: Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄).
- Specific Gravity: 4.5–5.1, very dense.
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.01, high, giving it a sparkling, fire-like brilliance.
These gemological properties highlight the unique characteristics of each December birthstone and explain why they are valued not only for their beauty but also for their rarity and durability.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, wisdom, and spiritual connection. In Ancient Egypt, it was used in amulets and jewelry to ward off evil spirits and ensure a safe journey to the afterlife.
In Native American traditions, turquoise is considered a sacred stone, believed to bring health, harmony, and prosperity. It is often used in ceremonial jewelry and is said to promote communication between the physical and spiritual worlds.
Turquoise is also believed to calm the mind and promote emotional stability. It is thought to help in resolving conflicts, enhancing intuition, and encouraging honesty and integrity.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual awakening. It is believed to open the heart chakra, promoting emotional healing and compassion.
Tanzanite is also said to enhance creativity and imagination, making it a popular stone among artists and spiritual seekers. It is believed to help in releasing emotional blockages, purifying the mind, and encouraging self-expression.
In Celtic tradition, tanzanite is said to have been used in rituals to select new leaders, symbolizing wisdom and clarity.
Zircon
Zircon is believed to have protective and purifying properties, especially in spiritual and emotional realms. It is said to enhance clarity and focus, helping the wearer to make decisions with confidence and insight.
Zircon is also associated with good fortune and prosperity, and is believed to attract positive energy and abundance. It is particularly popular in jewelry worn during important events, such as weddings or career milestones.
Zircon is also known as the “stone of transformation,” as it is believed to help the wearer let go of the past and embrace new beginnings.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise
- Hardness: 5–6, relatively soft.
- Susceptibility: Prone to scratching, chipping, and discoloration from oils and chemicals.
- Cleaning: Use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, perfumes, and lotions.
- Storage: Store in a cool, dry place, preferably in a soft pouch or separate compartment to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite
- Hardness: 6–7, durable but can still be scratched.
- Susceptibility: Sensitive to heat and chemicals, which can alter color or clarity.
- Cleaning: Use a soft brush and mild soap with warm water. Avoid steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as they may damage the stone.
- Storage: Store in a dry, cool place, away from direct sunlight or heat sources.
Zircon
- Hardness: 6–7.5, relatively durable.
- Susceptibility: Sensitive to heat, which can alter its color.
- Cleaning: Use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid exposure to high heat or ultrasonic cleaners.
- Storage: Store in a cool, dry place, preferably in a soft pouch or separate compartment to prevent scratches.
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these gemstones. As with all fine jewelry, it is recommended to avoid wearing them during activities that may cause physical damage or exposure to harsh substances.
Conclusion
The December 20th birthstone — tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon — offers a rich and diverse tapestry of history, beauty, and meaning. Each gemstone carries its own unique cultural significance, gemological properties, and metaphysical benefits, making them not only valuable in the world of jewelry but also in the realm of spirituality and personal well-being.
From the ancient use of turquoise in Egyptian tombs to the modern discovery and appreciation of tanzanite in Tanzania, these stones reflect the timeless allure of gemstones and their deep connections to human history and emotion.
Whether you are a jewelry buyer, a gemstone enthusiast, or simply curious about the meaning behind your birthstone, the December 20th birthstones offer a beautiful and meaningful connection to the past and present.