December, the final month of the year, is distinguished not only by its festive spirit and winter charm but also by its rich selection of birthstones. Unlike many months that are associated with a single gemstone, December is celebrated with a diverse array of stones, each with its own unique color, history, and symbolic meaning. This article explores the birthstones of December—blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offering a comprehensive overview of their gemological properties, historical significance, and cultural lore.
By delving into the origins, geological characteristics, and metaphysical associations of these gemstones, we uncover the reasons behind their enduring appeal and their special place in the world of jewelry and personal adornment.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones is rooted in ancient customs and has evolved over centuries. While the concept of associating gemstones with specific months is believed to have originated in biblical times, it gained broader recognition during the Middle Ages. Early civilizations, including the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, believed that wearing the correct gemstone at the right time could bring protection, health, and good fortune. These beliefs laid the foundation for the modern practice of selecting birthstones based on the month of one's birth.
In the case of December, the selection of multiple gemstones reflects both historical and cultural diversity. Traditionally, lapis lazuli and turquoise were considered the primary birthstones for December, each carrying its own legacy of symbolism and significance. Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue hue, was associated with wisdom and royalty, often used in the adornment of monarchs and high-ranking officials. In ancient Egypt, it was highly prized and even used in the creation of jewelry and ceremonial objects.
Turquoise, on the other hand, has been revered for its protective properties and association with good fortune. It has been used in jewelry and amulets for thousands of years, particularly in regions like Persia, China, and the Americas. The name "turquoise" itself is derived from the French word for "Turkish stone," reflecting its historical trade routes and widespread use in different cultures.
In more modern times, the list of December birthstones has expanded to include blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite. This expansion has allowed for greater variety and accessibility, catering to different tastes and preferences. Blue zircon, for example, is valued for its brilliance and fiery luster, while blue topaz is appreciated for its clarity and calming colors. Tanzanite, a relatively new addition to the list, is unique in that it can only be found in one location—near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania—and is known for its striking blue to violet hues.
These gemstones, both traditional and modern, continue to hold cultural and symbolic significance. They are often chosen for their beauty, but also for the meanings they carry—whether it be protection, wisdom, or transformation. This blend of aesthetics and symbolism makes December birthstones a meaningful choice for jewelry and personal adornment.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each December birthstone is formed through distinct geological processes and is found in specific locations around the world. Understanding the formation and sources of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity, availability, and the factors that influence their market value.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is a naturally occurring gemstone that is formed under high-temperature conditions, typically in metamorphic or igneous rocks. It is composed primarily of zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄) and can occur in a range of colors, including yellow, red, and brown. The blue coloration is the result of heat treatment, which transforms the natural color of the stone. Blue zircon is known for its brilliance and "fire," which is similar to that of a diamond. It is found in countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of topaz that is formed in igneous rocks and is often found in association with quartz and other minerals. The blue coloration is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, which alter the natural color of the stone. Blue topaz is one of the most popular gemstones in the world due to its affordability and clarity. It is primarily sourced from Brazil, but it can also be found in the United States, Nigeria, and Australia.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone, first discovered in the 1960s in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is known for its vivid blue to violet coloration. Tanzanite is formed through a unique combination of heat and pressure, which causes the transformation of the mineral into its gemstone form. Due to its limited source, tanzanite is considered a rare and valuable gemstone.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock that is composed primarily of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminum silicate. It also contains other minerals such as pyrite and calcite, which contribute to its deep blue color and flecks of gold. Lapis lazuli is formed through the metamorphism of sedimentary rock and is typically found in regions with high-pressure geological activity. The most well-known source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper and is formed through the interaction of acidic groundwater with minerals containing aluminum and phosphorus. It is typically found in arid regions where the conditions are suitable for the formation of this unique gemstone. The most significant sources of turquoise include the United States (particularly Arizona and Nevada), Iran, and China. Turquoise is known for its blue-green color and is often embedded in a matrix of other minerals, which can enhance its appearance.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its appearance, durability, and suitability for jewelry. These properties include color, clarity, hardness, refractive index, and chemical composition.
| Gemstone | Color | Clarity | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Refractive Index | Chemical Composition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Zircon | Blue | Varies (often included) | 6.5–7.5 | 1.92–2.01 | Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄) |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | Typically clear | 8 | 1.61–1.63 | Aluminum silicate (Al₂SiO₆) |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | Often included | 6–7 | 1.69–1.70 | Calcium aluminum silicate (Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)) |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue with gold flecks | Opaque | 5–6 | 1.6–1.7 | Sodium calcium aluminum silicate |
| Turquoise | Blue-green | Often opaque | 5–6 | 1.61–1.66 | Hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper |
These properties influence the way each gemstone is used in jewelry and how it is cared for. For example, blue topaz is highly durable and suitable for everyday wear, while lapis lazuli and turquoise are more fragile and require special handling.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December birthstones are not only valued for their beauty but also for the meanings and beliefs associated with them. These gemstones have been used in various cultures for their supposed metaphysical properties and symbolic significance.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is believed to enhance wisdom and intuition. It is also associated with clarity of thought and emotional balance. In some cultures, it is considered a protective stone, offering strength and resilience during times of change.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is often associated with calmness and serenity. It is believed to promote emotional stability and help reduce stress. It is also thought to enhance communication and encourage positive relationships.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known for its transformative properties. It is believed to support personal growth, emotional healing, and spiritual development. Its rarity and beauty make it a symbol of uniqueness and individuality.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is one of the most historically significant December birthstones. It is associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. In ancient times, it was considered a stone of royalty and was used in the adornment of kings and queens.
Turquoise
Turquoise is perhaps the most well-known of the December birthstones for its protective and healing properties. It is believed to offer protection from negative energies and to promote good fortune and positive energy. It is also associated with creativity and emotional balance.
These metaphysical beliefs have contributed to the enduring popularity of December birthstones. Whether worn for their beauty or their symbolic meaning, these gemstones continue to be cherished by those born in December.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. The specific care instructions for each gemstone depend on its hardness, durability, and sensitivity to certain substances.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is relatively durable but should be handled with care to avoid scratches. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm soapy water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a hard and durable gemstone that is suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. It is also safe to use an ultrasonic cleaner, but it should be avoided if the stone has been treated with coatings or fractures.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone and should be handled with care. It is sensitive to heat and should be kept away from direct sunlight for extended periods. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm soapy water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft and porous gemstone that requires special care. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm soapy water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaning, as these can cause damage. It should also be kept away from harsh chemicals and abrasive materials.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a delicate gemstone that is sensitive to heat, light, and chemicals. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm soapy water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage. It should also be kept away from perfumes, lotions, and other substances that can dull its color.
By following these care instructions, December birthstones can be preserved for many years, maintaining their beauty and value.
Conclusion
December birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones that reflect the charm and beauty of the winter season. From the brilliant blue zircon and the serene blue topaz to the rare and unique tanzanite, these stones each bring their own distinct qualities and meanings. Lapis lazuli and turquoise, with their deep blue hues and protective symbolism, complete this impressive array of December birthstones.
These gemstones are more than just beautiful—they are steeped in history, culture, and meaning. Whether worn as a personal adornment or given as a meaningful gift, December birthstones provide a way to connect with the past while embracing the present. Their versatility allows them to be used in a variety of jewelry styles, from delicate pendants to bold statement pieces.
By understanding the gemological properties, historical significance, and care requirements of these stones, one can fully appreciate their value and beauty. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the world of birthstones, December's selection of gemstones offers something for everyone.