December is the only month in the calendar year that boasts multiple birthstones—four, to be precise: turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz. This unique distinction has intrigued gemstone enthusiasts and historians alike. While most months are assigned a single birthstone, December's collection of stones reflects a rich tapestry of cultural, historical, and economic influences. This article delves into the reasons behind December’s diverse birthstone lineup, exploring their origins, symbolism, and how they came to be officially recognized.
The Origins of the Birthstone Tradition
The concept of birthstones is deeply rooted in ancient history. The practice of associating gemstones with months of the year dates back to the Biblical Breastplate of Aaron, mentioned in the Book of Exodus. This sacred artifact, described in the Old Testament, is said to have contained twelve gems, each representing a tribe of Israel. Over time, this tradition evolved, and by the 13th century, the gemstones were associated with the months of the year rather than the tribes.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, different countries and organizations developed their own versions of the birthstone calendar. In 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers (now the Retail Jewellers Association) standardized the list, assigning one gemstone to each month. However, December's inclusion of multiple birthstones predates this formal list.
The Original December Birthstone: Turquoise
Turquoise is considered the original December birthstone, with its association with the month dating back to at least the 1300s. Ancient civilizations such as the Persians, Egyptians, and Native Americans all revered turquoise for its beauty and believed in its healing properties, protective qualities, and positive influence on health and happiness.
The gemstone’s cool blue color mirrors the December sky, reinforcing its symbolic connection to the winter month. Turquoise was often used in amulets and jewelry, believed to ward off evil spirits and bring good fortune. Its historical significance in various cultures solidified its place as a December birthstone long before other stones were added.
Turquoise is formed in arid regions where phosphorus-rich water seeps into the ground and reacts with copper minerals. It is typically found in cavities and veins in rocks, and the most prized turquoise comes from Iran (known for its "Persian blue"), the United States (especially Arizona and Nevada), and China.
Zircon: A Later Addition with Ancient Roots
Zircon, another December birthstone, has a more complex history. While it was not always associated with December, it was officially added to the list in the 20th century. Zircon is a silicate mineral that comes in a wide range of colors, including blue, brown, green, and colorless. The blue zircon, known as Hyacinth, is particularly popular due to its sparkling brilliance, which is often mistaken for diamond.
Zircon’s association with December is linked to its cultural significance and availability. It was widely used in Victorian and Art Deco jewelry and was favored for its affordability and brilliance. Zircon is found in Australia, Madagascar, Brazil, and the United States.
In gemology, zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a fiery sparkle. It is also very durable, with a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7.5, making it suitable for daily wear. Zircon is sometimes heat-treated to enhance its color, particularly the blue variety, which is the most popular in jewelry.
Tanzanite: A Modern Discovery
Tanzanite is the most recent addition to December’s birthstone lineup, officially recognized in 2002. It was discovered in Tanzania in 1967 by a Maasai herdsman who stumbled upon a violet-colored stone while searching for his lost goat. The gemstone was later marketed as a new and exotic discovery, and its rarity and vibrant color quickly made it a popular choice.
Tanzanite is a trigonal mineral with a trichroic nature, meaning it can display three different colors—blue, purple, and brown—depending on the angle of light. It is only found in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. Tanzanite is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7, so it requires careful handling.
Tanzanite’s addition to the December birthstone list reflects changing consumer preferences and the desire for more options in the jewelry market. Its luxurious appearance and unique origin make it a symbol of exclusivity and modern elegance.
Blue Topaz: A Colorful and Affordable Option
Blue topaz is the fourth and most recent addition to December’s birthstone list. Unlike turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite, blue topaz is not a natural blue stone—it is typically heat-treated or irradiated to achieve its vibrant blue color. Topaz is a silicate mineral with a hexagonal crystal structure, and it is one of the hardest gemstones, with a Mohs hardness of 8.
Blue topaz is highly versatile and affordable, making it a popular choice for jewelry. It is found in Brazil, Nigeria, Russia, and the United States, particularly in Colorado and Arizona. Its brilliant blue hue evokes the winter sky, making it a fitting symbol for December.
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, communication, and emotional balance. It is believed to enhance self-expression and mental clarity, making it a soothing and empowering gemstone.
Why Does December Have Multiple Birthstones?
The question of why December has multiple birthstones has several answers, all rooted in historical, cultural, and economic factors.
1. Historical Significance and Cultural Diversity
December has long been associated with turquoise, and its cultural importance in the Middle East, Asia, and the Americas ensured its place as a December birthstone. As gemstone trade expanded, other cultures and regions introduced their own December gems, such as zircon and tanzanite, adding to the diversity of the list.
2. Symbolism and Seasonal Imagery
The colors and properties of December’s birthstones reflect winter imagery. The blue of turquoise and topaz mimics the December sky, while the sparkling clarity of zircon and the vibrant violet of tanzanite evoke snowflakes, frost, and midnight. This seasonal symbolism reinforces their connection to the winter month.
3. Economic Incentives
Having multiple birthstone options allows people to choose a gemstone that fits their budget and preferences. Turquoise and zircon are more affordable, while tanzanite and topaz offer rarity and luxury. This variety makes December birthstone jewelry accessible to a wider audience.
4. Modern Trends and Market Evolution
As gemstone discoveries and trends in jewelry design evolved, new stones like tanzanite and blue topaz were added to the list. This reflects the dynamic nature of the birthstone tradition, which continues to adapt to changing consumer tastes and market demands.
The Spiritual and Metaphysical Properties of December Birthstones
Each of December’s birthstones is associated with spiritual and metaphysical properties, which have been passed down through ancient traditions and modern beliefs.
Turquoise
- Promotes calm and wisdom
- Absorbs negative energy
- Brings good fortune
- Aids creativity and honest self-expression
Turquoise is often used in spiritual rituals and healing practices, believed to protect the wearer from negative influences and enhance communication.
Zircon
- Inspires honor and self-esteem
- Evokes spiritual protection and clarity
- Clears away dishonesty and jealousy
Zircon is thought to enhance mental clarity and emotional stability, making it a valuable gemstone for those seeking inner strength and self-awareness.
Tanzanite
- Encourages emotional balance and compassion
- Enhances intuition and spiritual awareness
- Promotes transformation and personal growth
Tanzanite is often used in spiritual healing and energy work, believed to open the heart chakra and foster emotional healing.
Blue Topaz
- Promotes calmness and communication
- Enhances mental clarity and emotional balance
- Encourages self-expression and honesty
Blue topaz is associated with soothing properties, making it a popular choice for those seeking peace and clarity in their lives.
Choosing the Right December Birthstone
With four gemstones to choose from, selecting the perfect December birthstone can be a personal and meaningful process. Here are some guidelines to help make the decision:
- Turquoise is ideal for those seeking inner peace, protection, and self-expression.
- Zircon is a good choice for those who value mental clarity, spiritual protection, and emotional stability.
- Tanzanite is perfect for those seeking emotional balance, transformation, and spiritual growth.
- Blue topaz is best for those who want calmness, communication, and emotional clarity.
Ultimately, the choice of birthstone should reflect personal preferences, values, and intended use—whether it's for jewelry, healing, or spiritual practices.
Caring for December Birthstones
Proper care and maintenance are essential to preserve the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Here are some guidelines for each gemstone:
Turquoise
- Avoid exposure to water and chemicals as turquoise is porous and sensitive.
- Store separately to prevent scratches.
- Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap.
Zircon
- Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners.
- Clean with a soft brush and warm water.
- Store in a soft pouch to avoid abrasions.
Tanzanite
- Avoid high heat and direct sunlight, which can fade its color.
- Clean with a soft cloth and mild detergent.
- Avoid ultrasonic cleaners.
Blue Topaz
- Resistant to scratches, but still avoid harsh chemicals.
- Clean with a soft brush and warm, soapy water.
- Store in a dry place.
Conclusion
December’s collection of four birthstones—turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz—reflects a rich history, cultural diversity, and evolving traditions. From the ancient roots of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, each gemstone offers unique beauty, symbolism, and practicality. The reasons behind December’s multiple birthstones are as complex and varied as the stones themselves, encompassing historical significance, seasonal symbolism, economic considerations, and modern trends.
Whether you're a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, December’s birthstones provide a fascinating glimpse into the world of gemstones and their cultural and spiritual significance.