Among the many gemstones celebrated for their beauty and symbolism, few can rival the allure of alexandrite. Known for its extraordinary color-changing properties, alexandrite stands out not only as one of the most visually captivating gemstones but also as the most expensive birthstone in the world. This rare gem, discovered in the 19th century, is a June birthstone and a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. Its transformation from a bluish-green hue in daylight to a purplish-red under incandescent light has captivated jewelers and collectors for centuries.
Alexandrite’s rarity, unique optical properties, and historical significance contribute to its high value. While diamonds, rubies, and sapphires often dominate conversations about expensive gemstones, alexandrite commands an even higher price per carat due to its scarcity and the complexity of its formation. This article explores the history, geological properties, cultural significance, and care instructions for this extraordinary gemstone.
History and Lore
Alexandrite was first discovered in 1830 in the Ural Mountains of Russia. The gem was named after Czar Alexander II, who was then the heir to the Russian throne. The discovery was made on the young Czar’s birthday, and legend has it that the gem was named in his honor. The gemstone’s red and green hues, reminiscent of Russia’s military colors, led to its adoption as the national stone of Russia.
The unique color-changing property of alexandrite is often described as "an emerald by day and a ruby by night." This phenomenon is due to the gemstone’s chemical composition and the way it absorbs and reflects light. The ability of alexandrite to shift color has made it a favorite among collectors and jewelers who appreciate its rarity and mystique.
Despite its discovery in the 19th century, alexandrite was not widely known or available in the global market until the 20th century. Natural alexandrite is extremely rare, and high-quality specimens are even more difficult to find. As a result, alexandrite has remained one of the most elusive and expensive gemstones in the world.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl, which has the chemical formula BeAl₂O₄. What distinguishes alexandrite from other chrysoberyl varieties is its unique composition, which includes trace amounts of chromium or vanadium. These trace elements are responsible for the gemstone’s color-changing properties. The presence of chromium gives alexandrite its greenish hue in daylight, while the same element causes the gem to appear ruby red under incandescent light.
The formation of alexandrite requires specific geological conditions. It is typically found in metamorphic rocks and is often associated with pegmatites and granites. The high temperatures and pressures involved in the formation of alexandrite contribute to its hardness and durability. On the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, alexandrite ranks between 8.5 and 9, making it one of the hardest gemstones.
Historically, the primary source of alexandrite was the Ural Mountains in Russia. However, by the late 19th century, the Russian deposits were largely depleted. In the 20th century, new sources of alexandrite were discovered in Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. While these new sources expanded the availability of alexandrite, the gemstone remains rare, and the finest quality stones are still considered to be the original Russian alexandrites.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite is a gemstone of exceptional beauty and complexity. Its color-changing properties are among the most sought-after features in the gemstone world. This phenomenon, known as the alexandrite effect, is caused by the way the gemstone absorbs and reflects light. In daylight, which contains a broader spectrum of wavelengths, alexandrite appears green. Under incandescent light, which has a higher concentration of red wavelengths, the gemstone appears red.
The color change is not the only remarkable feature of alexandrite. The gemstone also exhibits strong fluorescence, meaning it glows under ultraviolet light. This property enhances its brilliance and makes it even more visually striking.
In terms of clarity, alexandrite can vary. High-quality alexandrites are typically eye-clean, meaning they have no visible inclusions to the naked eye. However, some stones may contain inclusions that are visible under magnification. These inclusions do not detract from the gemstone’s beauty but can affect its value, particularly if they are large or interfere with the gem’s color-changing properties.
Alexandrite is also known for its excellent refractive index, which contributes to its brilliance and fire. The refractive index of alexandrite ranges from 1.746 to 1.755, which is relatively high. This means that light entering the gemstone is bent significantly, creating a dazzling display of light and color.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Like many gemstones, alexandrite has been associated with various metaphysical and symbolic meanings throughout history. In ancient Russia, alexandrite was believed to bring good luck and protection to the wearer. It was also considered a symbol of loyalty and sincerity, making it a popular gemstone for wedding rings and other sentimental jewelry.
In modern times, alexandrite is often associated with transformation and adaptability. The gemstone’s ability to change color is seen as a metaphor for personal growth and the ability to navigate different situations. Some people believe that alexandrite can help with decision-making and enhance one’s intuition.
In the world of gemstone therapy, alexandrite is said to have a calming effect on the mind and body. It is believed to help with emotional balance and to promote a sense of inner peace. Some practitioners use alexandrite to assist with anxiety and stress, as it is thought to have a grounding effect.
In addition to its metaphysical properties, alexandrite is also considered a symbol of courage and strength. Its rarity and beauty make it a powerful symbol of individuality and self-expression. Wearing alexandrite is seen as a way to embrace one’s unique qualities and to stand out from the crowd.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its high hardness and durability, alexandrite is suitable for use in a variety of jewelry pieces, including rings, necklaces, and bracelets. However, because of its rarity and value, it is important to take proper care of alexandrite jewelry to preserve its beauty and longevity.
Alexandrite should be cleaned gently to avoid damaging its surface. A soft cloth and a mild soap solution are sufficient for most cleaning needs. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can scratch the gemstone or damage its surface. Ultrasonic cleaners can be used with caution, but it is best to consult a professional jeweler before using one.
When storing alexandrite, it is recommended to keep it in a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box to prevent scratches from other gemstones. If the gemstone is set in a piece of jewelry, it should be handled with care to avoid loosening the setting or causing any damage to the surrounding metal.
Alexandrite is also sensitive to heat, so it should be kept away from direct sunlight or high temperatures. Prolonged exposure to heat can cause the gemstone to lose its color-changing properties or become discolored. It is best to store alexandrite in a cool, dry place to maintain its appearance.
Conclusion
Alexandrite is a gemstone of extraordinary beauty and rarity. Its unique color-changing properties, combined with its historical significance and symbolic meaning, make it one of the most valuable and sought-after gemstones in the world. As a June birthstone, alexandrite represents a perfect blend of elegance, durability, and mystique.
Despite the discovery of new sources in Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar, alexandrite remains one of the rarest gemstones in existence. Its scarcity, combined with its exceptional optical properties, ensures that it will continue to be a highly prized gemstone among collectors and jewelers alike.
For those who are fortunate enough to own an alexandrite, proper care and maintenance are essential to preserving its beauty and value. By understanding the gemstone’s properties and history, one can truly appreciate the significance of this extraordinary birthstone.