August is distinguished by its trio of birthstones: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx. Unlike many other months that are represented by a single birthstone, August offers three distinct gems, each with its own unique characteristics, history, and symbolism. These stones have been cherished for centuries and continue to be celebrated in modern jewelry and gemstone collections. This article explores the properties, origins, historical significance, and cultural lore of these August birthstones, shedding light on their enduring appeal.
A Historical Overview of August's Birthstones
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months of the year is deeply rooted in ancient history. The earliest known references to birthstones appear in the Bible, particularly in the Book of Exodus, where the Breastplate of Aaron is described as being adorned with twelve gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. While the exact identities of these stones remain debated, they laid the foundation for the birthstone tradition.
The modern concept of birthstones was formalized in the 20th century. The original August birthstone was Sardonyx, a gem with a rich historical legacy. Sardonyx is mentioned in the Bible and was one of the foundation stones of New Jerusalem. Its use in ancient civilizations, particularly by the Greeks and Romans, is well documented. The stone was believed to bring strength, courage, and protection, making it a favored gem for amulets, cameos, and seals.
In 2016, the American Gem Society (AGS) expanded the list of August birthstones to include Peridot and Spinel, bringing the total to three. This decision was made to reflect the diversity of gemstones available and to provide August-born individuals with more choices. Peridot, known for its vibrant green hue, has been found in both Earth's mantle and meteorites, and its historical significance includes being mistaken for emeralds by notable figures like Cleopatra. Spinel, once confused with rubies and sapphires, has gained renewed recognition for its brilliance and affordability, making it a popular alternative to more expensive gems.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of August's birthstones has a distinct geological origin and source, contributing to their unique properties and availability.
Peridot
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, composed primarily of magnesium iron silicate (Mg₂SiO₄ to Fe₂SiO₄). It forms under extreme conditions, typically found in the Earth's mantle and carried to the surface through volcanic activity. Peridot can also be found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones that have an extraterrestrial origin.
The most prized peridot is the vivid lime-green variety, which owes its color to the presence of iron. Peridot is relatively common compared to other gemstones, but high-quality stones with a rich, saturated green color are rare. Major sources of peridot include:
- Zabargad Island (St. John's Island) in the Red Sea, historically one of the most important sources.
- Arizona, USA, where peridot is mined in volcanic rock formations.
- Brazil, Madagascar, and India, which also produce notable quantities.
Peridot is known for its hardness, ranking 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it durable enough for everyday wear. It has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70 and is transparent to translucent, with a vitreous luster.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral composed of aluminum and magnesium oxides (Al₂O₃·MgO), with variations in its composition affecting its color. It forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is often found in alluvial deposits. Spinel has a trigonal crystal structure and can exhibit a wide range of colors, from red and pink to blue, purple, and even black.
The red and pink varieties of spinel were historically mistaken for rubies and sapphires due to their similar appearance and brilliance. Spinel is now recognized as a distinct gemstone, with its own unique properties. It has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it durable and suitable for jewelry.
Major sources of spinel include:
- Burmah (Myanmar), where some of the finest red and pink spinels are found.
- Sri Lanka, known for producing high-quality blue and pink spinels.
- Vietnam, which has emerged as a significant source of red spinel.
- Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Madagascar, which also produce notable quantities.
Spinel has a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.762, a vitreous to resinous luster, and can be transparent to translucent. It is highly valued for its clarity and brilliance.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is composed of alternating layers of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a banded chalcedony with white or black layers). The name "sardonyx" is derived from the Greek words sardion (meaning "sard") and onyx (meaning "onyx").
Sardonyx forms in sedimentary rocks and is often found in alluvial deposits. It is relatively abundant and has been used in jewelry and decorative objects for thousands of years. Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear.
Major sources of sardonyx include:
- India, where it is one of the primary sources.
- Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States, particularly in the Midwest.
- Germany, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, which have historical deposits.
- Madagascar, known for producing a variety of sardonyx with distinct banding patterns.
Sardonyx is known for its durability and affordability. It has a refractive index of 1.48 to 1.53 and a waxy to vitreous luster. Its distinct banding patterns make it ideal for cameos and intaglios.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of August's birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, reflecting the cultural and historical significance of these gems.
Peridot
Peridot is often associated with positive energy, abundance, and protection. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to ward off nightmares and was placed under pillows to promote restful sleep. The gemstone was also believed to bring prosperity and success, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their fortunes.
In modern times, peridot is considered a stone of transformation and renewal. It is believed to help individuals overcome obstacles and encourage personal growth. The vibrant green color of peridot is also associated with healing and vitality, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional and physical well-being.
Spinel
Spinel is often regarded as a stone of passion, strength, and vitality. In ancient times, it was believed to bring courage and protection in battle. The gemstone was also thought to enhance communication skills and promote clear thinking.
Spinel is particularly valued for its brilliance and fire, which are believed to stimulate creativity and inspiration. Red spinel is associated with love and energy, while blue spinel is linked to calmness and wisdom. The gemstone is also considered a symbol of fidelity and loyalty, making it a meaningful choice for engagement rings and other romantic jewelry.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is traditionally associated with strength, courage, and protection. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was believed to bring victory in battle and enhance one's ability to communicate effectively. The stone was also thought to protect against negative influences and promote a sense of self-confidence.
Sardonyx is often used in amulets and talismans to provide protection and support in times of stress or uncertainty. It is also considered a stone of determination and perseverance, helping individuals to stay focused on their goals. The distinct banding patterns of sardonyx are also believed to symbolize the balance between different aspects of life, making it a powerful gemstone for those seeking harmony and stability.
Care and Cleaning of August Birthstone Jewelry
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of August birthstone jewelry. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, luster, and susceptibility to damage.
Peridot
Peridot is relatively durable but should be handled with care to avoid scratches. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which means it can be scratched by harder materials like diamonds and sapphires. To clean peridot jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone's surface.
Peridot is also sensitive to heat, so it should not be exposed to high temperatures or direct sunlight for extended periods. Store peridot jewelry in a separate compartment to prevent it from coming into contact with other gemstones.
Spinel
Spinel is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned using a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Spinel is also resistant to heat and light, so it can be exposed to sunlight without fading or discoloration.
Spinel is less sensitive to chemicals than many other gemstones, but it is still advisable to avoid prolonged exposure to harsh chemicals. Store spinel jewelry in a separate compartment to prevent it from being scratched by harder gemstones like diamonds.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it susceptible to scratches. It should be handled with care to avoid damage. Clean sardonyx jewelry with a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone's surface.
Sardonyx is also sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures. Store sardonyx jewelry in a separate compartment to prevent it from being scratched by harder gemstones.
Conclusion
August's birthstones — Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx — are a testament to the diversity and richness of the gemstone world. Each gemstone has a unique geological origin, historical significance, and cultural symbolism that contributes to its enduring appeal. Whether you are drawn to the vibrant green of peridot, the brilliant fire of spinel, or the bold banding of sardonyx, these August birthstones offer a beautiful and meaningful way to celebrate the month of August.
As the last days of summer unfold, these gemstones continue to capture the magic and mystery of the season, reminding us of the deep connections between nature, history, and human culture. Whether worn as jewelry, displayed in collections, or gifted as symbols of affection and protection, August's birthstones remain a source of inspiration and wonder for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry lovers, and students of gemology alike.