December, the final month of the year, is marked not only by the arrival of winter but also by the celebration of a rich and diverse array of birthstones. Those born in this month are exceptionally fortunate, as they are associated with multiple gemstones—each with its own unique color, history, and symbolism. From the deep blue of tanzanite to the vibrant hues of turquoise and zircon, December’s birthstones offer a kaleidoscope of beauty that appeals to a wide range of tastes and preferences.
This article delves into the fascinating world of December’s birthstones, exploring their geological properties, historical significance, cultural symbolism, and practical care considerations. By examining the five main gemstones—blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—we uncover the reasons behind their popularity and the unique stories that make them treasured gems for those born in December.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to birth months dates back centuries, with roots in ancient civilizations such as those of the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Hebrews. One of the earliest known references to birthstones appears in the biblical Book of Exodus, where Aaron's breastplate is adorned with twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. This tradition has since evolved, with different cultures and time periods adding their own interpretations and additions.
In the case of December, the selection of multiple birthstones reflects the month’s rich tapestry of history and symbolism. While some sources cite four primary birthstones, others list five, including both traditional and modern additions. The inclusion of multiple stones allows for a broader representation of the diverse cultural and historical influences that have shaped December’s gemstone legacy.
Zircon: A Gemstone of Ancient Origin
Zircon, one of the earliest gemstones associated with December, is celebrated for its brilliance and vibrant colors. Known for its refractive fire and rainbow-like dispersion, zircon has been cherished for millennia. In ancient times, it was often mistaken for other gemstones due to its similar appearance and was sometimes called "hyacinth." The name "zircon" comes from the Persian word "zargun," meaning "gold-colored," a reference to its golden-yellow varieties.
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dated to over 4 billion years old. This makes it a fascinating subject for geologists and a symbol of timeless beauty. Its historical significance, combined with its vivid colors and exceptional clarity, has solidified its place as a cherished December birthstone.
Tanzanite: A Modern Discovery
Tanzanite, in contrast to zircon, is a relatively modern addition to the December birthstone list. Discovered in the 1960s in Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro, tanzanite quickly captured the imagination of gem lovers with its striking blue to violet hues. The gemstone was named after its country of origin and is considered one of the rarest colored gemstones in the world.
What makes tanzanite particularly unique is its pleochroism—the property of displaying different colors when viewed from different angles. This characteristic gives tanzanite an almost magical quality, as it appears to shift colors depending on the light and angle. The fact that it is found only in one location in the world adds to its allure and value.
Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Tradition
Turquoise has been revered for thousands of years across various cultures, particularly in the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Americas. Known for its blue-green hues, turquoise has been used in jewelry, amulets, and ceremonial objects. In ancient Egypt, it was associated with the goddess Hathor and was believed to offer protection and good fortune.
The name "turquoise" comes from the French word for "Turkish," as the gemstone was historically imported through Turkey from mines in Persia (modern-day Iran). Turquoise was also highly valued by the Native American tribes, who used it in their jewelry and as a symbol of spiritual protection. Its connection to both the earth and the sky has made it a popular choice for those seeking a stone that represents balance and harmony.
Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Wisdom and Royalty
Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color and flecks of gold and white, has a long and illustrious history. Used in ancient Egypt as far back as 6000 BCE, lapis lazuli was prized for its beauty and was often ground into pigment for paint and cosmetics. Cleopatra was said to have used lapis-based makeup to enhance her eyes.
Lapis lazuli has also been associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. In medieval times, it was used in religious artifacts and was believed to have the power to enhance intellectual abilities and inspire creativity. Its rich color and historical significance have made it a timeless symbol of sophistication and depth.
Blue Topaz: A Modern Elegance
Blue topaz, while not as ancient as zircon or lapis lazuli, has become a popular addition to the December birthstone list in recent years. Known for its calm, serene blue tones, blue topaz is a relatively affordable gemstone that offers excellent durability and brilliance.
Topaz is a versatile gemstone that can be found in a range of colors, including yellow, orange, and pink, but the blue varieties are especially popular for December. The blue color is typically achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, which enhance the gemstone's natural beauty. Despite its treatment, blue topaz remains a durable and attractive option for jewelry.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones has its own unique geological formation and mining locations, reflecting the diverse origins of these gemstones.
Zircon
Zircon is formed in a variety of geological environments, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It is often found in granite, basalt, and other igneous rocks, where it is resistant to weathering and erosion. Zircon is mined in several countries, including Australia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, where it is extracted from alluvial deposits and metamorphic rock formations.
Zircon’s durability and resistance to high temperatures make it an important mineral in geology, as it can be used to date rocks and understand Earth’s geological history. Its ability to retain radioactive elements over billions of years has made it a valuable tool for scientists studying the age of the Earth and the formation of the universe.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. The gemstone is formed in metamorphic rocks, where intense heat and pressure have transformed the mineral into its distinctive blue to violet color. Tanzanite is a type of zoisite, and its color is due to trace amounts of vanadium.
The limited availability of tanzanite has made it one of the most sought-after gemstones in the world. As the source is finite, the gemstone is expected to become even more valuable in the future, making it a wise investment for collectors and jewelers alike.
Turquoise
Turquoise is typically formed in arid regions where copper-rich rocks are exposed to rainwater. The water seeps into the rock, dissolving copper and other minerals, which then combine to form turquoise. This process occurs over long periods of time, resulting in the formation of beautiful blue and green deposits.
Major sources of turquoise include Iran, the United States (particularly in the Southwestern states such as Arizona and New Mexico), and China. The quality and color of turquoise can vary depending on the location and the presence of other minerals, which can affect the gemstone’s appearance and value.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is primarily found in metamorphic rock formations, particularly in areas where limestone and clay have been subjected to high pressure and temperature. The most famous source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Chile, and the United States.
Lapis lazuli is composed primarily of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminum silicate, along with other minerals such as pyrite (which gives it its golden flecks) and calcite. The presence of these minerals can affect the color and texture of the stone, with higher-quality lapis lazuli featuring a rich, uniform blue and minimal white or yellow inclusions.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is formed in igneous rocks, particularly in granite and rhyolite. The blue color in topaz is typically the result of irradiation and heat treatment, which alter the crystal structure and enhance the gemstone’s natural color. Natural blue topaz is rare, and most of the blue topaz available in the market has been treated to achieve its desirable hue.
Topaz is mined in various countries, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States. The gemstone is known for its hardness and clarity, making it an excellent choice for a wide range of jewelry designs.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of December’s birthstones is essential for both jewelers and collectors, as these properties determine the gemstone’s durability, beauty, and suitability for different types of jewelry.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Composition | Clarity | Refractive Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zircon | Colorless to Blue | 6–7.5 | ZrSiO₄ | Variable | 1.92–2.00 |
| Tanzanite | Blue to Violet | 6–7 | Ca₂Al₃(BO₃)SiO₄(OH)₃ | Variable | 1.694–1.700 |
| Turquoise | Blue-Green | 5–6 | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Variable | 1.61–1.65 |
| Lapis Lazuli | Blue with Gold Flecks | 5–6 | Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite | Opaque | 1.50–1.68 |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Al₂SiO₆ | Variable | 1.62–1.64 |
Zircon
Zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a brilliant, fiery appearance. Its hardness ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable for everyday wear. However, zircon is sensitive to heat and can be damaged by high-temperature settings, so it should be handled with care.
Zircon comes in a range of colors, including colorless, yellow, orange, red, and blue. The blue zircon, which is commonly used in December birthstone jewelry, is created through heat treatment. Despite its treatment, blue zircon remains a popular and affordable option for jewelry.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for jewelry but not as durable as harder gemstones like diamond or sapphire. Its pleochroism means that it can display different colors when viewed from different angles, adding to its visual appeal.
Tanzanite is typically cut in a way that maximizes its color and brilliance. The gemstone is also sensitive to heat and light, so it should be stored in a cool, dark place when not being worn.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and prone to scratches and abrasions. It is also porous, which means it can absorb oils and dirt over time. As a result, turquoise requires careful cleaning and maintenance to preserve its beauty.
Turquoise is often treated with wax or resin to improve its durability and enhance its color. The treatment can also help to reduce the porosity of the gemstone, making it more resistant to damage.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is an opaque gemstone with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. It is composed of lazurite, pyrite, and calcite, which give it its distinctive blue color and golden flecks. Lapis lazuli is often carved into cabochons or inlays, as its opacity and softness make it unsuitable for faceted cuts.
Lapis lazuli is sensitive to heat and chemicals, so it should be cleaned gently with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it highly durable and suitable for a wide range of jewelry designs, including rings, bracelets, and earrings. Blue topaz is also resistant to heat and chemicals, making it easy to clean and maintain.
Blue topaz is typically colorless in its natural state, and the blue color is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment. Despite its treatment, blue topaz remains a popular and affordable option for those who appreciate its calm, serene blue tones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical beliefs associated with December’s birthstones vary across cultures and time periods, but they all reflect the deep connection between gemstones and human history.
Zircon
Zircon is often associated with wisdom, clarity, and truth. In ancient times, it was believed to have the power to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. Zircon is also associated with time, as it is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, making it a symbol of endurance and resilience.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is believed to promote emotional balance and healing. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices, as it is thought to help with emotional release and self-expression. Tanzanite is also associated with transformation and change, making it a powerful stone for those undergoing significant life transitions.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection and good fortune. It is believed to offer spiritual protection and to enhance communication and self-expression. In many cultures, turquoise is also associated with the sky and water, making it a symbol of balance and harmony.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. In medieval times, it was used in religious artifacts and was believed to have the power to enhance creativity and inspire spiritual insight.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, serenity, and emotional stability. It is believed to help with stress relief and to promote a sense of inner peace. Blue topaz is also associated with love and friendship, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and other sentimental jewelry.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has its own specific requirements, so it is important to follow the appropriate guidelines for each.
Zircon
Zircon should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should be avoided from exposure to high temperatures, as it can be damaged by heat. Zircon should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should be avoided from exposure to direct sunlight and high temperatures, as it can fade or lose its color. Tanzanite should also be stored in a cool, dark place when not being worn.
Turquoise
Turquoise should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should be avoided from exposure to harsh chemicals, as it can be damaged. Turquoise is also porous, so it should be sealed with a protective coating to enhance its durability.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should be avoided from exposure to heat and chemicals, as it can be damaged. Lapis lazuli should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the easiest December birthstones to clean and maintain. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It is also resistant to heat and chemicals, making it easy to care for and suitable for everyday wear.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones that reflect the month’s deep history and cultural significance. Each stone has its own unique properties, symbolism, and beauty, making them treasured choices for those born in December.
From the brilliant fire of zircon to the mystical blue of tanzanite, these gemstones capture the essence of winter while offering a glimpse into the past. Whether worn for their beauty, their meaning, or their connection to history, December’s birthstones are more than just gemstones—they are symbols of individuality, tradition, and timeless elegance.
As you explore the world of December’s birthstones, you will find that each gemstone has its own story to tell. Whether you are drawn to the wisdom of lapis lazuli, the protection of turquoise, or the transformative power of tanzanite, there is a December birthstone that resonates with you. These gemstones not only enhance the beauty of jewelry but also connect us to a shared heritage of human history and natural wonder.