The July birthstone is most famously the ruby, a gemstone revered for its deep red color and rich symbolism. However, the birthstone tradition for July is not limited to ruby alone. Depending on cultural, historical, and astrological interpretations, July is also associated with other gemstones, including sapphire, sardonyx, onyx, carnelian, alexandrite, and turquoise. These stones offer a diverse palette of meanings, energies, and visual appeal, reflecting the multifaceted nature of July-born individuals.
This article explores the primary and secondary July birthstones, their gemological properties, historical significance, and the spiritual beliefs that have surrounded them across different cultures. It also provides practical advice on caring for these precious gems to preserve their beauty and value.
History and Lore
Ruby: The King of Gems
Ruby, the official July birthstone, has a long and storied history that spans continents and civilizations. Known as the "king of gems," ruby has been cherished for centuries for its vibrant red color and symbolic power. In ancient India, ruby was referred to as ratnaraj, meaning "king of precious stones," and was believed to provide divine protection and wisdom to its wearer. In medieval Europe, ruby was a symbol of nobility and power, often featured in royal regalia and religious artifacts.
Ruby’s association with the heart and life force has made it a symbol of love, vitality, and courage. In ancient times, warriors carried rubies into battle for protection and bravery, believing the stone would enhance their strength and shield them from harm. In modern metaphysical traditions, ruby is said to stimulate the heart chakra, promoting emotional healing, passion, and inner strength.
Sardonyx: Stone of Valor
In the Russian calendar, sardonyx served as an alternative July birthstone. This gemstone is a banded variety of onyx and chalcedony, with alternating layers of white and red. Sardonyx was historically associated with the zodiac sign Leo, which spans part of the month of July. It was believed to instill courage and confidence in its wearer, making it a stone of valor and leadership.
Sardonyx has also been used in various cultures as a protective stone. In ancient Rome, sardonyx was thought to provide protection against envy and negative emotions, and it was often worn by soldiers for strength in battle.
Sapphire: A July Stone in the Hindu Tradition
In the Hindu calendar, sapphire is considered a July birthstone. Sapphire, a variety of corundum that occurs in a range of colors (excluding red, which is classified as ruby), is one of the four precious gemstones alongside ruby, diamond, and emerald. Its association with wisdom, clarity, and inner peace makes it a valuable addition to the July birthstone tradition.
Sapphire is also linked to the planet Saturn, and in some traditions, it is believed to bring spiritual insight and counteract depression. Its cool blue tones contrast with the fiery red of ruby, offering a complementary energy for July-born individuals seeking balance and emotional stability.
Turquoise: A Stone of Clarity
Turquoise, while more commonly associated with December, has also been considered a July birthstone in some traditions. This opaque gemstone, which ranges in color from green to blue, is valued for its beauty and rarity. In ancient cultures, turquoise was believed to offer protection and promote spiritual discernment. It was used in jewelry, amulets, and talismans to enhance intuition and mental clarity.
Turquoise’s connection to the earth and sky makes it a symbol of harmony and connection. Its calming energy is thought to promote emotional balance and encourage a deeper understanding of oneself and the world.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ruby: The Red Corundum
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, with a chemical composition of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and trace amounts of chromium or vanadium, which give it its characteristic red color. With a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, second only to diamond. This makes it highly durable and suitable for use in jewelry that is worn daily.
Rubies are typically found in metamorphic rocks, such as marble, and are often extracted from gem gravels through alluvial mining. The most famous ruby deposits are located in Myanmar (Burma), where the stones are known for their exceptional color and fluorescence. Other notable ruby-producing countries include Madagascar, Thailand, Afghanistan, and Mozambique.
The color of a ruby can provide clues to its origin. For example, Burmese rubies often have a pigeon’s blood red hue, while Thai rubies tend to have a more bluish or purplish tone. The presence of secondary colors such as pink, orange, or violet can also indicate the stone’s geographical source.
Sardonyx: Banded Chalcedony
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz (SiO₂). It forms in banded layers of white chalcedony and red sard, a darker form of carnelian. The distinct banding gives sardonyx a unique and eye-catching appearance. It is often found in volcanic rocks and sedimentary deposits, and major sources include Brazil, India, and the United States.
Sardonyx is relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it suitable for jewelry and ornamental objects. Its durability and affordability have made it a popular gemstone for carvings and cameos.
Sapphire: Corundum in Blue and More
Sapphire, like ruby, is a form of corundum and shares the same chemical composition (Al₂O₃). The difference lies in the trace elements that give sapphires their varied colors. Iron and titanium are responsible for the blue coloration, while chromium or vanadium can produce pink or purple hues. Sapphires can be found in a wide range of colors, including yellow, green, and even colorless, though blue is the most famous and valuable.
Sapphires are very hard, with a Mohs hardness of 9, making them ideal for use in jewelry. Major sources of sapphire include Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Madagascar, and Australia. The Kashmir sapphire, known for its soft blue color and velvety appearance, is particularly prized and rare.
Turquoise: A Hydrated Phosphate
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₆(PO₄)₃(OH)₈·4H₂O. Its color varies depending on the presence of different trace elements. Copper gives it a blue tone, while iron produces a greenish hue. Turquoise is typically found in desert environments, where it forms through the interaction of water and mineral-rich rock.
Major sources of turquoise include Mexico, the United States, China, and Egypt. American Southwest turquoise, particularly from the Cerrillos, Cerrado, and Morenci mines, is especially well-known for its quality and beauty. Unlike ruby and sapphire, turquoise is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, and it is also porous, making it sensitive to chemicals and physical damage.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency | Refractive Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ruby | Al₂O₃ + Cr/V | Red (pigeon’s blood to pinkish red) | 9 | Transparent | 1.76–1.78 |
| Sardonyx | SiO₂ (Chalcedony + Sard) | White and red bands | 6.5–7 | Translucent | 1.53–1.60 |
| Sapphire | Al₂O₃ + Fe/Ti/Cr/V | Blue, pink, purple, yellow, etc. | 9 | Transparent | 1.76–1.78 |
| Turquoise | Al₆(PO₄)₃(OH)₈·4H₂O | Blue to green | 5–6 | Opaque | 1.61–1.65 |
Ruby: The Heart’s Fire
Ruby’s most defining feature is its deep red color, which is caused by the presence of chromium or vanadium. The most valuable rubies are those with a pigeon’s blood red hue, a term that describes a rich, saturated red with a slight bluish undertone. The color of a ruby can vary depending on the intensity of the trace elements and the presence of other impurities.
Ruby is known for its high refractive index and strong fluorescence, which contribute to its vibrant appearance. It is also isotropic, meaning it does not have a cleavage, making it relatively tough and resistant to chipping. However, rubies with inclusions or treatments such as oiling or heat treatment require careful handling.
Sardonyx: Bands of Strength
Sardonyx is distinguished by its distinct banding, which is created during the formation of the stone. The white layers are composed of chalcedony, while the red layers are made of sard, a darker form of carnelian. The banding can vary in width and color intensity, and some stones may have additional colors such as yellow or brown.
Sardonyx is often polished to a high gloss, which enhances the contrast between the white and red bands. It is relatively translucent, allowing light to pass through the stone and highlight its layered structure. The refractive index of sardonyx is relatively low, ranging from 1.53 to 1.60, which gives it a soft, milky appearance.
Sapphire: A Spectrum of Colors
Sapphire is known for its wide range of colors, with blue being the most iconic and valuable. The presence of iron and titanium gives sapphires their blue coloration, while other trace elements can produce pink, purple, yellow, and even colorless varieties. The blue sapphires from Sri Lanka and Kashmir are particularly prized for their vibrant, saturated color and velvety appearance.
Sapphires are transparent to translucent, depending on the presence of inclusions and the quality of the stone. They have a high refractive index (1.76–1.78), which contributes to their brilliance and fire. Sapphires are also isotropic, meaning they do not have a cleavage, making them durable and suitable for use in jewelry.
Turquoise: The Earth’s Sky
Turquoise is an opaque gemstone, meaning it does not allow light to pass through. Its color ranges from pale green to deep blue, depending on the presence of copper and iron. The most valuable turquoise is typically medium to dark blue, with a uniform color and minimal matrix (the web-like patterns formed by other minerals).
Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, which makes it sensitive to chemicals, heat, and physical damage. It is often treated with stabilizers or resins to enhance its durability and color. The refractive index of turquoise is relatively low (1.61–1.65), and it has a waxy to greasy luster when polished.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Ruby: Passion and Vitality
Ruby is one of the most powerful gemstones in the metaphysical world. It is associated with the root and heart chakras, promoting a sense of security, passion, and emotional strength. Ruby is believed to stimulate the heart, encouraging love, loyalty, and emotional intelligence. It is also thought to enhance vitality and energy, making it a stone of life force and courage.
In ancient traditions, ruby was used as a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energies and promote inner strength. It was often carried by warriors and leaders as a symbol of power and resilience. In modern metaphysics, ruby is used to boost confidence, inspire action, and promote a sense of purpose.
Sardonyx: Grounding and Courage
Sardonyx is considered a grounding and protective stone, helping to balance emotions and promote self-confidence. It is particularly useful for individuals who struggle with self-doubt or indecision, as it is believed to encourage decisiveness and action. Sardonyx is also associated with courage and leadership, making it a valuable stone for those in positions of authority or responsibility.
In ancient Roman tradition, sardonyx was used to ward off envy and negative emotions, and it was often worn by soldiers for protection in battle. In modern metaphysical practices, sardonyx is used to promote clarity of thought and emotional stability, helping individuals to stay focused and grounded in the face of challenges.
Sapphire: Clarity and Wisdom
Sapphire is a stone of wisdom, clarity, and spiritual insight. It is associated with the third eye and crown chakras, promoting mental clarity, intuition, and spiritual growth. Sapphire is believed to enhance focus and concentration, making it an ideal stone for students, writers, and thinkers.
In ancient times, sapphire was used to ward off negative energies and promote inner peace. It was also believed to protect against the "evil eye" and to promote a sense of calm and serenity. In modern metaphysical traditions, sapphire is used to enhance meditation, promote emotional healing, and encourage a deeper connection to the divine.
Turquoise: Harmony and Protection
Turquoise is a stone of harmony, protection, and spiritual discernment. It is associated with the thymus and throat chakras, promoting emotional balance and communication. Turquoise is believed to enhance intuition and promote a sense of inner peace, making it a valuable stone for those seeking spiritual growth and emotional healing.
In ancient cultures, turquoise was used as a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energies and promote health and vitality. It was often used in amulets and talismans to enhance protection and promote well-being. In modern metaphysical practices, turquoise is used to promote clarity of thought, encourage emotional balance, and enhance spiritual awareness.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and value of July birthstones. Each gemstone has its own specific needs, based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to chemicals.
Ruby: Gentle Cleaning for Longevity
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, with a Mohs hardness of 9, making it resistant to scratches and wear. However, rubies with inclusions or treatments may be more sensitive to harsh cleaning methods. To clean a ruby, use a solution of warm water and mild soap, gently brushing the stone with a soft toothbrush. Avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage treated or included stones. Always dry the stone thoroughly with a soft cloth to prevent water spots.
Sardonyx: Simple and Effective Care
Sardonyx is a relatively hard gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it durable and easy to care for. To clean sardonyx, use a soft cloth and warm water to gently wipe away any dirt or buildup. Avoid using abrasive cleaners or harsh chemicals, as these can damage the surface of the stone. Sardonyx can be polished regularly to maintain its brilliant luster.
Sapphire: Resilient and Easy to Maintain
Sapphire is an extremely hard gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 9, making it resistant to scratches and wear. It is also isotropic, meaning it does not have a cleavage, making it very durable. To clean a sapphire, use a solution of warm water and mild soap, gently brushing the stone with a soft toothbrush. Sapphires can also be cleaned with steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as long as they are untreated and free of inclusions.
Turquoise: Special Care for a Delicate Gem
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it sensitive to chemicals and physical damage. It is also porous, meaning it can absorb oils and other substances, which can alter its color and appearance. To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth and warm water to gently wipe away any dirt or buildup. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Turquoise should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and damage.
Conclusion
The July birthstone tradition is rich and diverse, encompassing a range of gemstones, each with its own unique properties and symbolism. Ruby, the official July birthstone, is a symbol of passion, vitality, and courage, revered for its deep red color and historical significance. Sardonyx, sapphire, onyx, carnelian, and turquoise also contribute to the July birthstone tradition, offering a wide range of energies and meanings.
Understanding the gemological properties, historical significance, and metaphysical beliefs of these stones provides a deeper appreciation for their beauty and value. Whether worn for aesthetic, spiritual, or practical purposes, these gemstones continue to inspire and captivate those who seek meaning and connection through the world of gemstones.