September, a month of transition and beauty, is symbolized by two captivating gemstones: Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli. These stones, both celebrated for their rich, deep blue hues, have long been cherished for their aesthetic appeal and symbolic significance. Sapphire, the primary birthstone, and Lapis Lazuli, its alternative counterpart, offer a fascinating blend of history, geology, and cultural lore. This article explores the origins, properties, meanings, and care of these remarkable gemstones, shedding light on why they continue to captivate gemstone lovers and jewelry connoisseurs alike.
Introduction
September is uniquely blessed with two birthstones—Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli—both known for their stunning blue tones. While Sapphire is the most commonly recognized of the two, Lapis Lazuli holds its own charm and historical significance. These gemstones have been treasured for millennia, not only for their beauty but also for their symbolic meanings and cultural associations. Sapphire, in particular, has been a favorite of royalty and is often associated with wisdom, truth, and nobility. Lapis Lazuli, though a metamorphic rock rather than a crystal, is equally revered for its use in ancient jewelry and its connection to spiritual insight.
This article will delve into the historical and geological background of these gemstones, explore their symbolic meanings, and provide practical guidance on how to care for and maintain them. Drawing from a wealth of reliable sources, the information presented here is designed to inform and inspire those who are curious about the September birthstones.
History and Lore
The Ancient Roots of Sapphire
Sapphire, the most prominent birthstone for September, has a long and storied history that stretches back thousands of years. The name "sapphire" is derived from the Greek word sappheiros, which originally referred to a blue gemstone, not necessarily the corundum we know today. Ancient civilizations, including the Greeks, Romans, and Persians, revered sapphire for its deep blue color and its perceived mystical properties.
In ancient Greece and Rome, sapphire was believed to offer protection from harm and envy. The elite wore sapphires to symbolize their status and to invoke divine favor. During the Middle Ages, sapphire became associated with the heavens. Clerics and religious figures wore sapphires to represent spiritual purity and divine wisdom. In fact, some medieval texts suggest that the earth itself was believed to rest on a massive sapphire, which gave the sky its blue color.
Sapphire’s association with royalty and the clergy continued into the Renaissance and beyond. Kings and queens across Europe incorporated sapphires into their crowns and regalia. The gemstone was seen as a symbol of truth, loyalty, and nobility—virtues that were highly valued by the aristocracy. Sapphires were also thought to possess healing properties. Medieval Europeans believed that sapphires could cure diseases of the eye and act as an antidote to poison.
The Rise of Lapis Lazuli
While sapphire has a long-standing tradition in Western jewelry and royal regalia, Lapis Lazuli has a rich history in the ancient world, particularly in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Lapis is not a single mineral but a metamorphic rock composed mainly of lazurite, with inclusions of pyrite (which gives it a golden shimmer) and calcite (which appears as white veins).
Lapis Lazuli has been mined in Afghanistan for over 6,000 years, making it one of the oldest known gemstones used by humans. The ancient Egyptians, including the famous Pharaoh Tutankhamun, used lapis in jewelry, amulets, and even in the inlay of furniture and artifacts. Lapis was so highly valued in ancient Egypt that it was often referred to as "the stone of the gods." It was used to create eye shadow, a practice that persisted into the Roman period.
In addition to its use in Egypt, lapis was traded along the Silk Road and reached as far as Mesopotamia, India, and China. The gemstone was believed to enhance wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight. It was also associated with the divine, particularly in religious contexts. Some scholars suggest that the "sapphire" described in the Bible may actually refer to lapis lazuli, given the stone's historical prevalence in the region.
Unlike sapphire, which was primarily a symbol of royalty and nobility, lapis lazuli was often associated with spiritual and intellectual pursuits. Its use in ancient art and jewelry underscores its importance in both the material and symbolic worlds of early civilizations.
Geological Formation and Sources
The Science of Sapphire
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). What distinguishes sapphire from other corundum varieties is the presence of trace elements that give it its color. The most well-known and valuable sapphires are blue, but sapphires can occur in almost any color—except red, which is classified as a ruby.
The blue color of sapphire is due to the presence of iron and titanium impurities within the crystal structure. These elements absorb certain wavelengths of light, allowing the blue hues to be reflected. Sapphires are formed deep within the Earth’s crust, typically in metamorphic or igneous rocks, under high heat and pressure conditions.
Sapphires are known for their exceptional hardness, ranking a 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, second only to diamond. This makes them highly durable and suitable for use in a wide range of jewelry, including rings and bracelets. The refractive index of sapphire ranges from 1.76 to 1.78, which contributes to its brilliance and clarity.
Sapphires are found in various parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, India, Australia, and the United States. Some of the most famous sapphires in history have come from Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and Afghanistan.
The Unique Composition of Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock, not a single mineral, and is composed of a combination of lazurite, pyrite, and calcite. Lazurite is the primary mineral responsible for the deep blue color, while pyrite adds the characteristic golden flecks and calcite appears as white veins or patches.
Lapis lazuli is formed through the metamorphism of calcium-rich silicate rocks under high pressure and temperature conditions. The presence of sulfur and other elements in the original rock contributes to the blue color of lazurite. The most prized lapis lazuli is known for its rich blue color, even distribution of golden pyrite, and minimal calcite content.
Unlike sapphire, which is a single mineral, lapis lazuli is more porous and can be more easily damaged by exposure to harsh chemicals or physical impact. This makes it less suitable for certain types of jewelry, particularly rings that are subject to daily wear.
The most important source of high-quality lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, particularly the Badakhshan region, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other notable sources include Italy, Russia, Argentina, Chile, Canada, and the United States.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire: A Hard and Lustrous Gem
Sapphire is one of the hardest gemstones, with a Mohs hardness of 9, making it extremely durable and suitable for everyday wear. Its chemical formula is Al₂O₃, and it belongs to the corundum family. The blue color of sapphire is due to the presence of iron and titanium impurities. Sapphires can also occur in a wide range of colors, including pink, yellow, green, and even colorless (referred to as white sapphire).
Sapphires have a refractive index of 1.76 to 1.78, which gives them a high degree of brilliance and fire. They also have a specific gravity of 3.95 to 4.10, meaning they are relatively dense for their size. The cleavage of sapphire is indistinct, which makes it less prone to chipping or breaking compared to other gemstones with well-defined cleavage planes.
Sapphires are often cut in a variety of styles, including round brilliant cuts, emerald cuts, and pear shapes, depending on the desired aesthetic and the shape of the rough stone. They are also commonly treated to enhance their color and clarity. Some of the most common treatments include heat treatment, which can deepen the blue color and improve clarity, and oiling or resin filling, which can fill in minor inclusions and improve the overall appearance.
Lapis Lazuli: A Unique Metamorphic Rock
Lapis lazuli, though not a single mineral, is highly valued for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite. It is composed mainly of lazurite, with inclusions of pyrite and calcite. Unlike sapphire, lapis lazuli is not a transparent gemstone and is instead valued for its opaque, rich color and luster.
Lapis lazuli has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, which means it is softer than sapphire and more susceptible to damage from scratches and abrasion. This makes it less ideal for jewelry that is worn daily, such as rings or bracelets. However, it is often used in necklaces, earrings, and pendants, where it is less likely to be exposed to physical impact.
The luster of lapis lazuli ranges from vitreous to waxy, and it is often polished to a smooth, glossy finish to enhance its natural beauty. Because of its porous nature, lapis lazuli can absorb oils and dirt, making it important to clean it gently with a soft cloth and mild soap.
Lapis lazuli is also more brittle than sapphire, meaning it can be prone to chipping or cracking if subjected to impact. This is another reason why it is often used in less demanding jewelry applications.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sapphire: A Stone of Wisdom and Nobility
Sapphire has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and nobility. In ancient times, sapphire was believed to possess protective and purifying qualities. The Greeks and Romans used sapphire to ward off envy and harm, while medieval clerics wore it to symbolize divine wisdom and spiritual purity.
In modern times, sapphire is often linked to loyalty, sincerity, and faithfulness. It is said to promote mental clarity, emotional balance, and spiritual growth. Some believe that sapphire can help calm the mind and enhance concentration, making it a popular choice for those seeking inner peace and focus.
Sapphire is also considered a stone of the soul, representing inner truth and the pursuit of knowledge. It is believed to enhance intuition and spiritual insight, making it a favored gemstone among those on a spiritual or philosophical path.
In terms of love and relationships, sapphire is seen as a symbol of enduring love and commitment. It is often used in engagement rings and wedding jewelry, where it represents fidelity and eternal love. The gemstone is also associated with the throat chakra, which governs communication and self-expression, making it a powerful tool for those who seek to speak their truth and express themselves clearly.
Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Spiritual Insight and Transformation
Lapis lazuli is often associated with spiritual insight, transformation, and self-awareness. In ancient Egypt, it was used in religious ceremonies and rituals, where it was believed to connect the earthly realm with the divine. The gemstone was also used to create cosmetics and pigments, and it was believed to enhance beauty and vitality.
In modern metaphysical practices, lapis lazuli is considered a stone of truth, wisdom, and spiritual awakening. It is said to help activate the third eye and crown chakras, which are associated with intuition, higher consciousness, and spiritual connection. Lapis lazuli is also believed to enhance memory, promote learning, and encourage intellectual curiosity.
The gemstone is often used in meditation and spiritual practices, where it is believed to facilitate communication with higher realms and promote inner peace. It is also associated with emotional healing, helping to release old patterns and embrace new perspectives.
Lapis lazuli is also linked to the throat chakra, which governs communication and self-expression. It is believed to help clarify one’s voice and express thoughts and feelings with confidence and authenticity. This makes it a popular choice for those who work in creative or communicative fields.
Care and Cleaning
Caring for Sapphire Jewelry
Sapphire is one of the hardest and most durable gemstones, making it relatively easy to care for. However, like all gemstones, it still requires proper cleaning and storage to maintain its beauty and longevity.
To clean sapphire jewelry, use warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or soft-bristled brush. Gently scrub the stone to remove any dirt or grime, then rinse thoroughly and dry with a clean, lint-free cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the gemstone or the metal setting, especially if the sapphire has been treated.
When storing sapphire jewelry, it is best to keep it in a soft pouch or a jewelry box with individual compartments to prevent scratches from other jewelry pieces. Avoid exposing sapphire to harsh chemicals or abrasive substances, as these can dull the surface of the stone.
If the sapphire has been oiled or resin-filled, it is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can strip away the treatment and affect the appearance of the gemstone. In such cases, it is best to consult a professional jeweler for cleaning and maintenance advice.
Caring for Lapis Lazuli Jewelry
Lapis lazuli, being a softer and more porous gemstone, requires special care to preserve its beauty and prevent damage. Unlike sapphire, lapis lazuli is more sensitive to scratches, abrasion, and chemical exposure.
To clean lapis lazuli jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals, abrasive cleaners, or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the surface of the stone or strip away the luster. It is also important to avoid prolonged exposure to water, as lapis lazuli can absorb moisture and become damaged.
When storing lapis lazuli jewelry, it is best to keep it in a soft pouch or a jewelry box with individual compartments to prevent scratches from other jewelry. Avoid exposing lapis lazuli to extreme temperatures or direct sunlight, as this can cause the color to fade or the stone to become brittle.
If the lapis lazuli has been oiled or waxed, it is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can strip away the treatment and affect the appearance of the gemstone. In such cases, it is best to consult a professional jeweler for cleaning and maintenance advice.
Conclusion
Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli, the two gemstones associated with September, offer a rich tapestry of historical significance, geological fascination, and cultural symbolism. While sapphire is the most widely recognized of the two, Lapis Lazuli holds its own unique charm and historical importance. Both gemstones have been cherished for millennia, not only for their beauty but also for their symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Sapphire, with its deep blue color and exceptional hardness, has long been associated with wisdom, nobility, and spiritual insight. It has been a favorite of royalty and clergy, and its use in jewelry and regalia continues to this day. Lapis Lazuli, on the other hand, is a metamorphic rock composed of lazurite, pyrite, and calcite, and is prized for its rich blue color and golden flecks. It has been used in ancient jewelry, religious artifacts, and even cosmetics, and is believed to enhance wisdom, truth, and spiritual awareness.
Both gemstones require careful handling and proper cleaning to maintain their beauty and longevity. Sapphire is durable and suitable for everyday wear, while Lapis Lazuli is softer and more delicate, making it better suited for necklaces, earrings, and pendants. Whether you are drawn to the classic elegance of sapphire or the mystical allure of lapis lazuli, these gemstones make for beautiful and meaningful September birthday gifts.
For those interested in jewelry and gemstones, the September birthstones offer a wonderful opportunity to explore the interplay of history, geology, and symbolism in the world of gemology. Whether worn for personal enjoyment, spiritual connection, or cultural significance, sapphire and lapis lazuli continue to captivate and inspire across generations.