September is the only month in the birthstone calendar that is officially represented by two gemstones—Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli. While blue Sapphire is the primary birthstone, Lapis Lazuli is recognized as an alternative, both sharing a deep, regal blue hue and a rich history of cultural and symbolic significance. These gemstones have been treasured for millennia, not only for their beauty but also for their associations with nobility, wisdom, and spiritual insight. This article explores the geological properties, historical significance, and cultural symbolism of these two September birthstones, as well as their practical care and modern relevance.
Introduction
The month of September is graced with two of the most revered gemstones in the world of jewelry and mineralogy: Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli. While Sapphire, particularly in its blue form, is the most widely recognized September birthstone, Lapis Lazuli holds a special place as an alternative. Both stones are celebrated for their deep blue color, a hue that has long been associated with royalty, intellect, and divine inspiration. Sapphire, a corundum mineral, is known for its exceptional hardness and vibrant clarity, while Lapis Lazuli, a metamorphic rock, is prized for its complex composition and historical use in art and adornment.
This article delves into the geological formation, historical use, gemological properties, and cultural symbolism of these two stones. It also offers practical advice on their care and maintenance, ensuring that their beauty endures for generations. Whether you are a September baby, a gemstone enthusiast, or simply intrigued by the allure of these stones, this guide will illuminate the enduring legacy of Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli.
History and Lore
Sapphire: A Stone of Royalty and Divine Inspiration
Sapphire has long been a gemstone of great significance in human history. Its name is derived from the Greek word sappheiros, which originally referred to the blue lapis lazuli. However, as understanding of gemology evolved, the term came to specifically refer to blue corundum. The association of sapphire with the divine and the noble dates back to ancient civilizations.
In ancient Greece and Rome, sapphire was believed to offer protection from harm and envy. It was often worn by the elite to ward off negative energies and to symbolize truth and sincerity. During the Middle Ages, sapphire was considered a symbol of Heaven and was frequently worn by clergymen. The stone was thought to enhance spiritual insight and was believed to bring wisdom and purity of mind.
One of the most famous historical references to sapphire appears in medieval European texts, where it was claimed that the earth itself rested on a massive sapphire, giving the sky its blue color. This belief reflected the stone's perceived connection to the heavens and its role as a bridge between the earthly and the divine.
In addition to its spiritual and symbolic uses, sapphire also had a place in medieval medicine. It was believed to cure diseases of the eye and to serve as an antidote to poison. These early medical beliefs, while not scientifically accurate, underscore the stone's enduring reputation as a powerful and protective gem.
Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Wisdom and Art
Lapis Lazuli, while technically a metamorphic rock rather than a single mineral, has a history just as rich as that of sapphire. Its deep blue color, often flecked with golden pyrite and white calcite, has made it a favorite of artisans and jewelers for thousands of years. The stone has been mined in Afghanistan for over 6,000 years, making it one of the oldest continuously used gem materials in human history.
Ancient Egyptians used lapis lazuli for both jewelry and cosmetics. It was ground into a fine powder to create eye shadow, a practice that has been found in archaeological sites dating back to the Old Kingdom. The stone was also used in religious artifacts and was believed to bring protection and wisdom to its wearer.
During the Renaissance, lapis lazuli was used to make ultramarine pigment, one of the most expensive and revered colors in the art world. The stone was ground into a fine powder and treated with various chemicals to produce a deep blue pigment used in paintings and manuscripts. This process gave rise to the term ultramarine, meaning "beyond the sea," a reference to the fact that the stone was often imported from distant lands such as Afghanistan.
Lapis lazuli was also used in jewelry by royalty and the elite throughout history. Its vibrant color and complex composition made it a symbol of sophistication and intelligence. In modern times, it continues to be a popular gemstone, particularly among those who appreciate its historical significance and unique appearance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire: A Product of the Earth’s Depths
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). In its pure form, corundum is colorless, but the presence of trace elements such as iron, nickel, and copper can alter its color. The most well-known and valuable variety is the blue sapphire, which gets its color from the presence of iron and titanium in the crystal structure.
Sapphires form deep within the Earth's crust under high pressure and temperature conditions. They are typically found in metamorphic rocks, particularly those that have been altered by the presence of pegmatites or basaltic magma. The formation of sapphire often involves the presence of other minerals such as zircon, mica, and tourmaline, which can be found alongside the gemstone in its host rock.
Major sources of sapphire include Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Madagascar, India, Thailand, and Australia. Each of these locations produces sapphires with slightly different characteristics, such as color intensity and clarity. For example, Ceylon sapphires from Sri Lanka are known for their bright blue color and excellent clarity, while Padparadscha sapphires from Sri Lanka and Tanzania are rare pink-orange varieties that are highly sought after.
Sapphires are typically extracted through quarrying or mining, with some deposits being worked in alluvial settings where the stones have been eroded from their source and deposited in riverbeds or sediments. Once extracted, sapphires are often heat-treated to enhance their color and clarity, a process that is widely accepted in the gemstone industry.
Lapis Lazuli: A Metamorphic Marvel
Unlike sapphire, lapis lazuli is not a single mineral but a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral, along with pyrite (which gives the stone its golden flecks) and calcite (which appears as white veins). The formation of lapis lazuli occurs in high-pressure, low-temperature conditions, typically in hydrothermal veins where magma has altered surrounding rock.
The most significant deposits of lapis lazuli are found in Afghanistan, where the stone has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Italy, Russia, Argentina, Chile, Canada, and the United States. The quality of lapis lazuli varies depending on the concentration of lazurite, the distribution of pyrite, and the presence of calcite. High-quality lapis lazuli is characterized by a uniform deep blue color with well-distributed golden flecks and minimal calcite.
Lapis lazuli is typically mined using open-pit or underground mining methods, with the stone being carefully extracted to avoid damaging the delicate rock. Once mined, lapis lazuli is often polished and cut into cabochons, beads, or carved into intricate jewelry and decorative objects. It is also used in inlay work, where thin slices of the stone are embedded into other materials such as wood or metal.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire: A Hard and Durable Gemstone
Sapphire is one of the hardest gemstones, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, just below diamond (10) and above ruby (also 9). This high hardness makes sapphire extremely resistant to scratches and abrasions, making it an excellent choice for daily wear in jewelry such as rings, necklaces, and earrings.
In terms of color, sapphire is best known for its deep blue hue, but it can also appear in a wide range of colors, including pink, yellow, green, orange, and even colorless (which is then referred to as white sapphire). These variations are due to the presence of different trace elements within the crystal structure.
The clarity of sapphire can vary depending on the presence of inclusions, which are natural imperfections within the stone. Many sapphires contain small inclusions that are visible under magnification, and these are often considered part of the stone's character and authenticity. Some sapphires are treated to enhance their clarity, but it is important for buyers to be aware of any treatments that have been applied.
Sapphire is also chemically stable, meaning it is not easily affected by common household chemicals or exposure to light. This makes it easy to clean and maintain, with simple warm soapy water being sufficient for most cleaning needs.
Lapis Lazuli: A Unique Metamorphic Rock
As a metamorphic rock, lapis lazuli has a different set of properties compared to sapphire. It is composed of lazurite (which is responsible for its blue color), pyrite (which gives it golden flecks), and calcite (which appears as white veins). The hardness of lapis lazuli ranges from 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it less durable than sapphire and more prone to scratches and abrasions.
Due to its relatively lower hardness, lapis lazuli is best suited for jewelry that is not worn daily, such as pendants, earrings, or bracelets that are not subject to constant friction. It is also a popular material for carvings and inlay work, where its softness allows for intricate detailing.
In terms of color, lapis lazuli is best known for its deep royal blue, but the presence of calcite and pyrite can affect the overall appearance. High-quality lapis lazuli is characterized by a uniform blue color with well-distributed golden flecks and minimal white calcite. Stones with excessive calcite are often considered lower quality, as the white areas can detract from the overall visual appeal.
Lapis lazuli is also porous, which means it can absorb oils and fragrances over time. This can affect the appearance of the stone, especially if it is not cleaned regularly. It is important to avoid using abrasive cleaners or exposing the stone to harsh chemicals, as this can damage the surface and alter its color.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sapphire: A Stone of Nobility and Wisdom
Sapphire has long been associated with nobility, wisdom, and spiritual insight. In ancient times, it was believed to bring protection from harm and to enhance one’s moral character. The stone was often worn by royalty and clergy, symbolizing divine favor and inner strength.
In modern metaphysical practices, sapphire is considered a stone of the mind, promoting clarity of thought, mental focus, and emotional stability. It is believed to enhance intuition and psychic abilities, making it a popular choice for those engaged in meditation, spiritual practices, or creative pursuits.
Sapphire is also associated with loyalty and fidelity, making it a meaningful choice for engagement rings and wedding bands. In some cultures, it is believed that sapphire can strengthen relationships and promote long-term commitment.
Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Truth and Transformation
Lapis lazuli is often referred to as a stone of truth, promoting honesty, self-awareness, and inner transformation. It is believed to enhance communication skills, helping individuals express themselves more clearly and confidently. This makes it a popular choice for those who work in education, counseling, or public speaking.
Lapis lazuli is also associated with intellectual growth and spiritual development. It is believed to stimulate the third eye chakra, enhancing intuition and spiritual insight. Many practitioners use lapis lazuli during meditation to deepen their connection to the spiritual realm.
In addition to its mental and spiritual properties, lapis lazuli is also thought to have emotional healing properties. It is believed to help individuals overcome emotional pain, grief, and trauma, promoting emotional balance and inner peace.
Care and Cleaning
Caring for Sapphire
Due to its high hardness (9 on the Mohs scale), sapphire is one of the most durable gemstones and is well-suited for daily wear. However, it is still important to take proper care of the stone to preserve its appearance and longevity.
- Cleaning: Sapphire can be cleaned using warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are also safe for most sapphires, although it is important to avoid using steam cleaners, as the intense heat can affect the stone’s color, especially if it has been heat-treated.
- Avoiding Damage: While sapphire is resistant to scratches, it can still be damaged by hard impacts or sudden temperature changes. It is important to remove sapphire jewelry before engaging in activities that could subject the stone to physical stress, such as sports or heavy manual labor.
- Storage: When not in use, sapphires should be stored in a soft pouch or a jewelry box to prevent scratches from other gemstones or surfaces.
Caring for Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli, being a softer gemstone (5-6 on the Mohs scale), requires more delicate handling and gentle care to maintain its appearance and integrity.
- Cleaning: Lapis lazuli should be cleaned using warm soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. It is important to avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage to the stone, especially if it contains calcite or pyrite inclusions.
- Avoiding Chemicals: Lapis lazuli is susceptible to damage from harsh chemicals, so it is important to avoid exposing the stone to household cleaners, perfumes, or lotions. These substances can alter the color or surface of the stone over time.
- Storage: Lapis lazuli should be stored in a soft pouch or a separate compartment in a jewelry box to prevent scratching or abrasion from other gemstones. It is also a good idea to avoid exposing the stone to prolonged sunlight, as this can cause the color to fade.
Conclusion
September's dual birthstones—Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli—are both deeply rooted in history, each with its own unique geological and cultural significance. Sapphire, with its exceptional hardness and vibrant blue color, has long been a symbol of royalty, wisdom, and spiritual insight. Lapis Lazuli, though softer, is no less valuable, with a rich history of use in art, jewelry, and spiritual practices.
Both stones continue to be highly valued in the modern world, not only for their aesthetic appeal but also for their symbolic and metaphysical properties. Whether worn as jewelry, carried as a talisman, or used in meditation, these gemstones offer a connection to the past and a source of inspiration for the present.
For those born in September, these stones serve as a beautiful and meaningful representation of their month, carrying with them the legacy of ancient traditions and the enduring power of gemstone lore. As we continue to explore and appreciate the world of gemstones, the timeless allure of Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli will undoubtedly endure for generations to come.