March, the harbinger of spring, brings with it a sense of renewal, rebirth, and hope. For those born during this month, the tradition of birthstones offers a unique connection to these symbolic themes. March is distinguished by its selection of gemstones—both traditional and modern—each with its own compelling history, scientific properties, and metaphysical associations. The two primary birthstones for March are aquamarine and bloodstone, though the month also encompasses several other traditional and cultural birthstones, including jasper, jade, and gold siva-linga. This article delves into the rich lore, geological properties, and symbolic meanings of these March birthstones, offering an in-depth exploration for gemstone enthusiasts and students of gemology.
Introduction
March is a month of transition. In the Northern Hemisphere, it marks the beginning of spring, while in the Southern Hemisphere, it signals the start of autumn. These seasonal shifts have long influenced the symbolism and cultural significance of the month. March was historically linked to the Roman god of war, Mars, from whom the month derives its name. It was considered a time for military campaigns, agricultural work, and new beginnings. These themes are reflected in the choice of birthstones for March—gemstones that symbolize courage, clarity, and the promise of fresh opportunities.
The two modern birthstones for March are aquamarine and bloodstone, both of which have been cherished for centuries. Aquamarine, with its serene blue hues, is associated with calmness, youthfulness, and protection. Bloodstone, with its deep green base and red inclusions, is linked to vitality, courage, and justice. Beyond these, traditional and cultural calendars have historically recognized other stones as March birthstones, including jasper, jade, and gold siva-linga. These stones have played significant roles in various cultures and spiritual traditions, further enriching the month’s connection to the natural and metaphysical worlds.
This article will explore the geological formation, historical uses, symbolic meanings, and care requirements of these March birthstones, drawing from the most authoritative sources available.
History and Lore of the March Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones dates back thousands of years, with early references found in the biblical Book of Exodus, which describes the stones on the high priest Aaron’s breastplate. Over time, various cultures developed their own interpretations and additions to the birthstone calendar. The modern standardized list of birthstones was established in the early 20th century, with updates and additions made in 1952 and beyond.
Aquamarine: The Sea’s Guardian
Aquamarine, one of the two modern birthstones for March, has a long and storied history. Its name comes from the Latin words aqua (water) and mare (sea), reflecting its resemblance to the tranquil blue of the ocean. While the gem was known in ancient times as "sea-green beryl," the name aquamarine was first used in 1609.
Sailors and travelers historically carried aquamarine as a protective talisman. It was believed to calm the seas, ward off storms, and ensure safe voyages. The gem was also thought to inspire courage and wisdom, making it a popular choice for emblems of leadership and nobility.
In ancient Rome, aquamarine was associated with the goddess Juno, and in medieval Europe, it was believed to help those who were sick or in need of healing. The gem was also used in royal regalia and as a symbol of purity and youthfulness.
Bloodstone: The Warrior’s Stone
Bloodstone, the other modern March birthstone, has a similarly rich history. Known for its deep green color and red inclusions that resemble drops of blood, bloodstone has long been associated with vitality, courage, and justice. Its use dates back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, where it was believed to enhance strength and protect warriors in battle.
The gem was also used in medieval Europe as a symbol of martyrdom and faith. Bloodstone was often carved into pendants or worn as a ring to provide protection and clarity in times of danger. The Gregorian birthstone poem, a medieval mnemonic device, mentions bloodstone as a stone to be worn “to their grave” by those who opened their eyes in March.
Bloodstone was also a favored gemstone in religious iconography, particularly in Christian art, where it was used in ecclesiastical vestments and as part of the adornments of religious figures.
Traditional and Cultural March Birthstones
In addition to aquamarine and bloodstone, several other stones have been historically recognized as March birthstones in various cultures.
Jasper: Jasper was a traditional March birthstone in ancient Russian, Italian, and Hebrew calendars. It is an opaque variety of chalcedony and is often found in red or yellow hues. Jasper was believed to balance positive and negative energy and help stabilize one’s personality.
Jade: In the old Tibetan calendar, jade was considered the March birthstone. It is a symbol of love, virtue, and physical strength. Jade consists of two minerals—jadeite and nephrite—and was also a zodiac stone for Pisces.
Gold Siva-linga: In the Hindu calendar, gold siva-linga is the March birthstone. This is a type of jasper with brown streaks and is considered a sacred gemstone in Hinduism. Unlike other birthstones, it is never cut or used in jewelry due to its spiritual significance.
These traditional stones reflect the diverse cultural and spiritual influences that have shaped the birthstone tradition over time. While aquamarine and bloodstone are the most widely recognized today, these other stones offer fascinating insights into how different societies have interpreted the symbolic meaning of March.
Geological Formation and Sources of March Birthstones
Understanding the geological properties and sources of March birthstones provides insight into their rarity, appearance, and value. Each of these gemstones forms under specific geological conditions and is found in distinct locations around the world.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, which is formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is composed primarily of beryllium aluminum silicate, with its blue coloration caused by the presence of iron impurities. Aquamarine is typically found in pegmatite deposits, which are igneous rocks that form from the slow cooling of magma.
The finest aquamarine is sourced from Brazil, particularly from the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Other notable sources include Nigeria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the United States (especially Colorado). Aquamarine is generally transparent and is cut into facets to enhance its brilliance and color.
Aquamarine has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it durable enough for use in jewelry. It is also pleochroic, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is a type of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of quartz. It is composed mainly of silicon dioxide and is characterized by its opaque green base and red inclusions, which are typically iron oxide. The red spots are sometimes referred to as "blood spots," giving the stone its name.
Bloodstone is typically found in sedimentary rocks, especially those formed from volcanic ash. It is most commonly found in India, where it is known as "heliotrope." Other sources include Brazil, China, and the United States (especially in the state of Arizona).
Bloodstone is usually cut into cabochons rather than facets, as its opacity and inclusions make it unsuitable for faceting. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable for use in jewelry.
Jasper and Jade
Jasper, a traditional March birthstone, is a variety of chalcedony that is opaque and often found in red, yellow, or brown hues. It forms in sedimentary rock and is found in locations such as India, Russia, and the United States. Jasper is typically carved into beads or cabochons and is used in both jewelry and decorative objects.
Jade, another traditional March birthstone, comes in two main types: jadeite and nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich pyroxene mineral that is typically found in Myanmar and is known for its vibrant green color. Nephrite is a type of amphibole mineral that is found in China, Russia, and New Zealand. Jade is highly valued for its toughness and is often carved into intricate sculptures and jewelry.
Gold siva-linga, a sacred March birthstone in Hinduism, is a type of jasper with brown streaks. It is found in India and is never cut or polished due to its spiritual significance.
Gemological Properties of March Birthstones
Understanding the gemological properties of March birthstones is essential for both collectors and jewelers. These properties include hardness, refractive index, specific gravity, and color.
Aquamarine
- Chemical Composition: Beryllium aluminum silicate (Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆)
- Hardness: 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Pale blue to blue-green (due to iron impurities)
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Luster: Vitreous
- Refractive Index: 1.56–1.60
- Specific Gravity: 2.67–2.83
Aquamarine is known for its high clarity and is often found in large, well-formed crystals. It is pleochroic, displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle.
Bloodstone
- Chemical Composition: Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) with iron oxide inclusions
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Deep green with red inclusions
- Transparency: Opaque
- Luster: Waxy to dull
- Refractive Index: 1.53–1.54
- Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64
Bloodstone is opaque and is typically cut into cabochons. Its inclusions give it a distinctive appearance and are often enhanced by dyeing or heat treatment.
Jasper
- Chemical Composition: Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Opaque red, yellow, or brown
- Luster: Waxy to dull
- Refractive Index: 1.53–1.54
- Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64
Jasper is a durable stone that is often used in beads and cabochons.
Jade
- Chemical Composition: Jadeite (NaAlSi₂O₆) or Nephrite (Ca₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂)
- Hardness: 6–7 for jadeite; 6 for nephrite
- Color: Green (jadeite), green to white (nephrite)
- Transparency: Translucent to opaque
- Luster: Waxy to greasy
- Refractive Index: 1.66–1.68 for jadeite; 1.61–1.64 for nephrite
- Specific Gravity: 3.3–3.4 for jadeite; 2.9–3.0 for nephrite
Jade is known for its toughness and is often carved into intricate designs.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
March birthstones are not only admired for their beauty but also for the symbolic and metaphysical properties attributed to them. These beliefs have influenced their use in jewelry, religious art, and spiritual practices.
Aquamarine: The Stone of Serenity
Aquamarine is associated with calmness, clarity, and emotional stability. It is believed to help reduce stress, enhance communication, and promote inner peace. In ancient times, it was considered a protective talisman for sailors and travelers.
Aquamarine is also thought to enhance spiritual awareness and stimulate youthfulness. It is a popular choice for those seeking to overcome fear and develop a sense of tolerance. Some sources suggest that it can also aid in physical health by boosting the immune system and helping with ailments related to the throat and liver.
Bloodstone: The Warrior’s Stone
Bloodstone is associated with vitality, courage, and justice. It is believed to enhance physical strength, increase creativity, and help individuals make decisions with clarity and confidence. It was historically worn by warriors and leaders to instill bravery and protect against danger.
Bloodstone is also thought to calm the mind, reduce aggression, and promote emotional balance. Some sources suggest that it can help with decision-making and intuition, making it a popular stone for those in positions of authority.
Jasper: The Stone of Balance
Jasper is believed to balance positive and negative energy, helping to stabilize one’s personality. It is associated with grounding, protection, and emotional support. Jasper is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to enhance focus and inner strength.
Jade: The Stone of Virtue
Jade is associated with love, virtue, and physical strength. It is believed to enhance personal power, attract good fortune, and promote long-lasting relationships. In some cultures, jade is also thought to provide protection against illness and misfortune.
Gold Siva-linga: A Sacred Gemstone
Gold siva-linga is considered a sacred gemstone in Hinduism and is associated with spiritual wisdom and divine protection. Unlike other birthstones, it is never cut or worn in jewelry due to its sacred nature.
Care and Cleaning of March Birthstones
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and durability of March birthstones. Each gemstone requires specific handling due to its unique hardness and sensitivity to chemicals and heat.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is safe to use in ultrasonic and steam cleaners. However, avoid exposing aquamarine to harsh chemicals or extreme heat, as this can affect its color and clarity.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is also relatively durable but should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone’s inclusions. It is best to avoid exposing bloodstone to harsh chemicals or heat.
Jasper and Jade
Jasper and jade should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals, as these can dull the stone’s luster. Jasper and jade are not typically treated with heat or chemicals, so they are generally safe to clean with traditional methods.
Gold Siva-linga
Gold siva-linga, being a sacred gemstone, is rarely cleaned or treated. If cleaning is necessary, it should be done with the utmost care and typically not with any harsh chemicals or tools.
Conclusion
March birthstones offer a fascinating blend of history, science, and symbolism. From the serene blue of aquamarine to the vibrant green of bloodstone, each gemstone carries a unique story and meaning. Whether chosen for their beauty, their cultural significance, or their metaphysical properties, these stones continue to captivate gemstone lovers and jewelry enthusiasts around the world.
Aquamarine and bloodstone remain the most widely recognized March birthstones today, but the inclusion of jasper, jade, and gold siva-linga in traditional and cultural calendars highlights the diverse influences that have shaped the birthstone tradition. Understanding the geological properties, historical uses, and symbolic meanings of these stones provides a deeper appreciation of their enduring appeal.
For those born in March, choosing a birthstone can be a personal and meaningful choice. Whether worn as a symbol of protection, a reminder of courage, or an expression of spiritual connection, these gemstones serve as enduring testaments to the richness of the birthstone tradition.