July’s birthstone is among the most captivating and storied of all gemstones. While the month is blessed with multiple birthstones, including ruby, sardonyx, onyx, and others, ruby stands out as the crown jewel of July—both literally and figuratively. Known for its deep red color, ruby symbolizes love, passion, and vitality. This gemstone has held a place of reverence in cultures across the globe for centuries, from ancient India to medieval Europe and beyond.
This article explores the rich history, gemological properties, symbolic meanings, and practical care of ruby, the July birthstone. We will also touch upon alternative birthstones for July, such as onyx and sardonyx, for those who may be drawn to different types of gems.
History and Lore
Ruby has a long and illustrious history that dates back to antiquity. In ancient India, ruby was revered as the “king of precious stones” due to its rarity, hardness (second only to diamond), and vibrant color. It was believed to possess mystical powers and was often used in royal jewelry and sacred ornaments. Indian royalty and warriors wore ruby to invoke strength, protection, and vitality.
Burmese warriors, in particular, believed that rubies made them invincible in battle. This belief was so strong that soldiers would carry rubies into combat, believing that the gems would shield them from harm and inspire courage. This tradition underscores the gemstone’s association with power and bravery.
In medieval Europe, ruby was considered a symbol of health, wisdom, wealth, and success in love. It was thought to have the ability to predict misfortune or danger. Some even claimed that rubies could cure inflammatory diseases and soothe anger. These beliefs reflect the deep cultural and spiritual significance ruby held in the Middle Ages.
Beyond its practical and symbolic uses, ruby has also been linked to love and passion. The name ruby is derived from the Latin word ruber, meaning “red,” a color often associated with romance and desire. In many cultures, ruby has been a popular gemstone for engagement rings and wedding jewelry, especially during the 15th and 14th wedding anniversaries.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Its striking red color comes from trace amounts of chromium. The more chromium present, the stronger the red hue. The finest ruby exhibits a deep red with a hint of purple, known in the trade as “pigeon’s blood.” This term is most commonly associated with Burmese rubies, which are considered the most valuable and desirable in the world.
Ruby is formed under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth's crust. It typically occurs in metamorphic rocks, particularly in areas where aluminum-rich minerals have been subjected to high temperatures and chemical changes. The presence of chromium or vanadium is what gives ruby its red or pink color, respectively.
The primary sources of ruby include:
- Myanmar (formerly Burma): Known for producing the finest "pigeon’s blood" rubies.
- Sri Lanka: A major source of ruby, known for its vibrant and clean specimens.
- Madagascar: Produces ruby with a range of colors, including intense reds and pinks.
- Thailand: A significant market for ruby, though most ruby sold in Thailand is imported from other countries.
- Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Tanzania: These countries also produce ruby, though in smaller quantities compared to the top sources.
The rarity and quality of ruby make it one of the most valuable gemstones in the world. High-quality rubies with the perfect color, clarity, and cut can command prices that rival those of diamonds.
Gemological Properties
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. This makes it highly durable and suitable for everyday wear. Its refractive index ranges from 1.76 to 1.78, and it is doubly refractive, meaning light is split into two rays as it passes through the gem. This property contributes to ruby’s brilliance and fire.
Key Gemological Characteristics:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ with traces of chromium (Cr) |
| Color | Deep red, sometimes with a purplish or orange undertone |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Specific Gravity | 4.00–4.10 |
| Refractive Index | 1.76–1.78 |
| Cleavage | None (unlike other corundum varieties such as sapphire) |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy) |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Cut | Often cut in round, oval, or cushion shapes to maximize brilliance |
| Origin of Name | From Latin ruber, meaning "red" |
Ruby is typically cut to enhance its color and brilliance. The most popular cuts include the round brilliant, oval, and cushion cuts. Due to its hardness and lack of cleavage, ruby is relatively easy to cut and polish compared to other gemstones.
In terms of clarity, ruby is often included, especially in natural untreated stones. These inclusions can be seen under magnification and are considered part of the gem’s natural character. In some cases, these inclusions can even be used to determine the origin of the ruby, as certain inclusions are unique to specific geographic regions.
Ruby is also known for its fluorescence under ultraviolet light. High-quality Burmese rubies often exhibit a strong red or orange fluorescence when exposed to UV light, which can enhance their color and appearance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Ruby has long been associated with powerful and positive meanings. In many cultures, it is considered a stone of love, passion, and vitality. It is believed to inspire courage, confidence, and emotional strength. Ruby is also associated with the heart chakra, and is often used in meditation and healing practices to promote emotional balance and spiritual awakening.
In ancient traditions, ruby was thought to have protective qualities. Burmese warriors believed that rubies made them invincible in battle, while medieval Europeans believed that ruby could predict danger or misfortune. Some even claimed that ruby could cure inflammatory diseases and soothe anger.
In modern times, ruby is still revered for its symbolic meaning. It is often given as a gift to express deep love and affection. Ruby is also associated with the 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries, making it a meaningful choice for commemorative jewelry.
Beyond its romantic associations, ruby is also seen as a stone of success and ambition. It is believed to inspire motivation, leadership, and confidence. People who wear ruby are thought to be more assertive and driven, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their personal power and influence.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its high hardness and durability, ruby is relatively easy to care for. However, it is important to handle it with care to avoid damage from sharp blows or abrasions. Ruby is also sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should not be exposed to extreme heat or cold.
To clean ruby jewelry, it is best to use warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for ruby, but steam cleaners should be avoided. It is also advisable to store ruby separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
When wearing ruby jewelry, it is important to avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals or abrasive surfaces. Ruby should also be removed before engaging in activities that could cause physical damage, such as sports or manual labor.
For more delicate ruby jewelry, such as earrings or pendants, it is recommended to clean them more frequently to maintain their luster. A gentle polishing with a soft cloth can help restore its shine and beauty.
Alternative July Birthstones
While ruby is the most well-known and widely recognized July birthstone, the month also has several other traditional and modern birthstones. These include sardonyx, onyx, and others, which offer a wider range of colors and styles for those who may prefer different types of gemstones.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of onyx that has a reddish-brown base with white or yellow bands. It is believed to bring courage, strength, and protection. Sardonyx was highly valued in ancient times and was often used in signet rings and other ornamental jewelry. It is a durable gemstone, suitable for everyday wear.
Onyx
Onyx is another popular alternative birthstone for July. It is a type of chalcedony that is known for its smooth, glossy surface and deep black color. Onyx is associated with strength, confidence, and emotional stability. It is also believed to provide protection and absorb negative energy.
Like ruby, onyx has a long history of use in jewelry and ornamentation. It was particularly popular in ancient Egypt and Rome, where it was used in rings, seals, and other decorative items. Onyx is also relatively easy to care for and is suitable for a variety of jewelry styles.
Conclusion
Ruby, the July birthstone, is a gemstone of exceptional beauty, rarity, and symbolic meaning. With its deep red color and fiery brilliance, ruby has captivated people for centuries. From ancient India to medieval Europe, ruby has been revered for its power, protection, and passion. It is a gemstone that symbolizes love, vitality, and strength, making it a meaningful choice for those born in July.
In addition to its rich history and cultural significance, ruby is also a highly durable gemstone with excellent gemological properties. It is suitable for a wide range of jewelry styles, from engagement rings to pendants and earrings. With proper care, ruby jewelry can last for generations, preserving its beauty and value over time.
For those who prefer alternative birthstones, July also offers sardonyx, onyx, and other gems that provide different colors and styles. Whether you choose ruby or another July birthstone, you can be confident that you are selecting a gemstone with a rich history and deep symbolic meaning.