December is a month rich in symbolism and tradition, especially when it comes to birthstones. The concept of birthstones dates back centuries, rooted in ancient beliefs about the powers of gemstones and their connection to individual zodiac signs and months. Today, December is associated with three primary birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz. These gemstones, each with their own distinct colors and meanings, continue to captivate both gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers. This article explores the historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural symbolism of these December birthstones, offering a comprehensive overview for those who wish to understand their enduring appeal.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to months of the year has a long and storied history, with roots in ancient civilizations. As early as the 1st century AD, the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus wrote about a practice in which the high priest of Israel wore a breastplate adorned with twelve stones, each representing a tribe of Israel and corresponding to a month. This idea laid the groundwork for later associations between gemstones and months, eventually evolving into the modern birthstone system.
By the Middle Ages, the idea of wearing gemstones for protective and spiritual purposes became widespread in Europe. It was believed that each gemstone held unique properties that could enhance the wearer’s well-being, bring good fortune, or ward off illness. These beliefs often varied by region, leading to multiple gemstones being assigned to a single month. This tradition was further influenced by Renaissance-era alchemists and healers, who attributed medicinal and spiritual powers to various stones.
In the 20th century, the modern birthstone list was formalized, incorporating both traditional and newly discovered gemstones. December, for example, now includes turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz as its designated birthstones. Each of these stones brings its own unique history and symbolism to the table.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt. It is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. The formation of turquoise is closely tied to the weathering of copper deposits in arid environments. It typically forms in the oxidation zones of copper sulfide deposits and is often found in association with minerals such as quartz, calcite, and halite.
Historically, turquoise was mined in Egypt, Persia, and the American Southwest. Today, significant sources of turquoise include Nevada and Arizona in the United States, China, Mexico, and Iran. The color of turquoise can vary from deep blue to greenish-blue, depending on the mineral content and the presence of impurities such as iron and aluminum.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively modern gemstone, first discovered in Tanzania in 1967. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and has the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH). Tanzanite is known for its trichroic nature, meaning it can display three different colors—blue, violet, and brown—depending on the angle of light. However, it is most prized for its intense blue to violet-blue coloration.
Tanzanite is found exclusively in Tanzania, specifically in the Merelani Hills near Arusha. The gemstone's formation is linked to the unique geological conditions of the area, where metamorphic rocks have been altered by heat and pressure. Due to its limited geographic source, tanzanite is considered a rare and valuable gemstone.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of the mineral topaz, which has the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. Naturally occurring blue topaz is extremely rare, and most blue topaz available in the market is color-enhanced through irradiation and heat treatment. The blue color is caused by the presence of trace elements and radiation damage within the crystal structure.
Blue topaz is found in several countries, including Brazil, Myanmar, Russia, and United States. It is known for its clarity, brilliance, and affordability, making it a popular choice for jewelry. The gemstone is often used in rings, pendants, and earrings, particularly for its vibrant blue hues.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Luster | Transparency | Chemical Formula | Source Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to greenish-blue | 5–6 | Waxy to greasy | Opaque to translucent | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | United States, China, Mexico, Iran |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet-blue | 6–7 | Vitreous | Transparent to translucent | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH) | Tanzania |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Vitreous | Transparent | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Brazil, Myanmar, Russia, United States |
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. This softness means that it is prone to scratches and requires gentle handling. The gemstone has a waxy to greasy luster and is typically opaque to translucent. Its color can range from deep blue to greenish-blue, depending on the mineral content and the presence of impurities.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than turquoise but still somewhat soft. It has a vitreous luster and is generally transparent to translucent. One of the most notable features of tanzanite is its trichroism, which allows it to display different colors depending on the angle of light. Tanzanite is also pleochroic, meaning it can exhibit different colors when viewed from different directions.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the harder gemstones. It has a vitreous luster and is typically transparent. Blue topaz is known for its clarity and brilliance, making it an excellent choice for jewelry. Its color is usually enhanced through irradiation and heat treatment, as naturally occurring blue topaz is extremely rare.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise
Throughout history, turquoise has been associated with protection, luck, and friendship. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to ward off evil spirits and was often used in amulets and jewelry. Native American tribes in the American Southwest also held turquoise in high regard, using it in ceremonies and as a symbol of healing and spiritual connection.
In modern times, turquoise is still considered a powerful gemstone. It is believed to promote positive communication, calmness, and emotional balance. It is also associated with friendship and is often given as a gift to strengthen bonds between people. Some cultures also believe that turquoise can help with respiratory issues and skin conditions.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone, but it has quickly gained popularity for its spiritual and metaphysical properties. It is believed to enhance spiritual growth, transformation, and self-awareness. Tanzanite is often used in meditation and is thought to help the wearer connect with their higher self and the universe.
The gemstone is also associated with positivity, truth, and emotional healing. Some believe that tanzanite can help release old patterns and encourage personal growth. It is also thought to promote inner peace and clarity of thought. In some cultures, tanzanite is used to support creative expression and artistic inspiration.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is known for its calming and soothing properties. It is believed to promote wisdom, honesty, and emotional stability. In ancient times, blue topaz was used to enhance communication and clarity of thought. It was also believed to protect the wearer from anger and negative emotions.
In modern times, blue topaz is still associated with wisdom, truth, and emotional balance. It is often used in jewelry to help the wearer remain calm and composed in difficult situations. Some believe that blue topaz can also enhance self-esteem and confidence, making it a popular choice for those seeking personal empowerment.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise
Due to its softness and porous nature, turquoise requires special care to maintain its beauty and luster. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals, including household cleaners, perfumes, or lotions. Turquoise is also sensitive to heat and can lose its color if exposed to direct sunlight for prolonged periods.
To clean turquoise jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can damage the gemstone. Store turquoise separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively durable but still requires gentle handling. It should be protected from hard impacts and extreme temperatures. Tanzanite can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause the gemstone to become dry or cracked.
Tanzanite should be stored in a soft pouch or wrapped in a cloth to prevent scratches. It is also important to keep tanzanite away from direct sunlight for extended periods, as this can cause the color to fade.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the harder gemstones and is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Ultrasonic cleaners and steamers can also be used, as blue topaz is resistant to heat and chemicals.
To maintain the brilliance of blue topaz, store it separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Avoid exposing blue topaz to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can dull the gemstone's luster.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz—each have their own unique history, gemological properties, and symbolism. From the ancient use of turquoise in Egyptian amulets to the modern discovery of tanzanite in Tanzania and the enduring popularity of blue topaz in jewelry, these gemstones continue to captivate people around the world. Whether chosen for their beauty, meaning, or protective qualities, these December birthstones offer a rich connection to the past and a meaningful way to celebrate the month of December.