March, the month that heralds the arrival of spring, is rich with symbolism. It marks a season of renewal, hope, and the reawakening of nature. But beyond its natural significance, March is also known in the world of gemology for its two official birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. These two gemstones, though vastly different in appearance and composition, share a long and storied history of cultural, mystical, and practical significance. This article delves into the geological, historical, and symbolic aspects of both aquamarine and bloodstone, offering a comprehensive exploration of these two gems that have been cherished for centuries.
March’s association with two birthstones is a unique feature in the birthstone tradition. While many months are represented by a single stone, March has maintained the distinction of having two—aquamarine and bloodstone. This duality reflects the contrasting energies and themes of the month: aquamarine, with its calming sea-like hues, evokes serenity and renewal, while bloodstone, with its bold red flecks against a dark green backdrop, symbolizes strength and vitality. Together, these stones mirror the dual nature of March itself—a month that transitions from the dormancy of winter to the vibrancy of spring.
This article will explore the history of March’s birthstone tradition, the geological properties of aquamarine and bloodstone, and the cultural and symbolic meanings attributed to each. It will also touch on their uses in jewelry, their sources in nature, and practical care tips for preserving their beauty. Through this exploration, we gain a deeper appreciation for the significance of these two gemstones in both historical and contemporary contexts.
History and Lore of March Birthstones
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times. One of the earliest recorded references to birthstones can be found in the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Bible’s Book of Exodus. This sacred garment, worn by the high priest of the Israelites, was adorned with 12 gemstones, each representing one of the 12 tribes of Israel. By the first century AD, these stones were linked to the 12 zodiac signs and, eventually, to the 12 months of the year. This early system laid the foundation for the modern birthstone calendar.
In the case of March, historical records indicate that bloodstone was originally the sole representative of the month. Bloodstone, a type of jasper known for its dark green color and red spots, was believed to bring courage, vitality, and protection to the wearer. Its name comes from the resemblance of the red flecks to blood, a symbol of life and strength. Ancient warriors carried bloodstone amulets into battle, believing they would protect them and give them the strength to overcome their enemies.
Aquamarine, on the other hand, was added to the March birthstone list in the modern era. Its inclusion is tied to the growing interest in gemology and the standardization of birthstone lists in the 19th and 20th centuries. The name aquamarine comes from the Latin aqua marina, meaning "seawater," a reference to its color, which resembles the ocean. Ancient sailors believed that carrying aquamarine would protect them from the dangers of the sea, ensuring safe passage and calm waters.
The dual birthstone tradition for March is a relatively modern concept. The practice of wearing birthstones became popular in Europe during the 1500s, particularly in Germany and Poland, where jewelers began crafting and selling birthstone jewelry. By the 1800s, standardized birthstone lists were being published, with one of the most influential being the 1870 publication by Tiffany & Co. This list, credited to an anonymous "Gregorian author," included a poem for each month, with March’s verse highlighting bloodstone as the stone of constancy and fidelity.
In 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now known as Jewellers of America) created a standardized birthstone list, which included both aquamarine and bloodstone for March. The list was updated again in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, further solidifying the dual status of these two gems. Today, both aquamarine and bloodstone are recognized as the official birthstones for March, with aquamarine often taking precedence in modern jewelry design.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a member of the beryl family, which includes other well-known gemstones such as emerald and morganite. It is a beryllium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆. What sets aquamarine apart from other beryls is the presence of iron, which gives it its distinctive blue and green hues. The intensity of the color can vary depending on the concentration of iron and the presence of other trace elements.
Aquamarine forms in pegmatite deposits, which are coarse-grained igneous rocks that form as magma cools and crystallizes. These deposits are rich in minerals and often contain large, well-formed crystals of beryl. The best aquamarines are found in Brazil, particularly in the state of Minas Gerais, which has been a major source of the gem for over two centuries. Other notable sources include Nigeria, Madagascar, Pakistan, and the United States.
Aquamarine is typically found in both primary and secondary deposits. Primary deposits are hard rock formations where the gem is found in its natural crystalline form, while secondary deposits are weathered areas where the gem has been eroded and transported by water. Aquamarine is known for its clarity and transparency, with high-quality stones being free of inclusions. It has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry settings.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone, also known as heliotrope, is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) with the red flecks being iron oxide. The stone’s dark green color is due to the presence of chlorite, a mineral that gives it a rich, earthy tone. The red spots, which resemble drops of blood, are caused by inclusions of hematite or goethite.
Bloodstone is typically found in metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, particularly in areas where chalcedony and iron-rich minerals are present. Some of the most well-known sources of bloodstone include India, Russia, Poland, and the United States. In India, bloodstone has been mined for centuries and was historically used in carvings and seals. In Russia, the stone was prized for its durability and was used in the creation of intricate intaglios and cameos.
Bloodstone is an opaque gemstone, and it is most commonly cut into cabochons rather than faceted stones. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively durable but still sensitive to hard knocks or abrasions. Due to its opaque nature and the way it absorbs light, bloodstone is best suited for cabochons and beads rather than intricate faceting.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Composition | Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ |
| Color | Blue to blue-green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7.5–8 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Refractive Index | 1.56–1.60 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.65–2.80 |
| Transparency | Transparent to slightly translucent |
| Cut | Faceted |
| Origin | Brazil (most notable), Nigeria, Madagascar |
Aquamarine is prized for its clarity and vibrant color. The most valuable stones are those with a medium to deep blue color and minimal inclusions. The gem is often heat-treated to enhance its color, although untreated aquamarine is also available and highly valued by collectors.
Bloodstone
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Composition | SiO₂ (silicon dioxide) with iron oxide inclusions |
| Color | Dark green with red flecks |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5–7 |
| Luster | Waxy to greasy |
| Refractive Index | 1.48–1.54 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.58–2.64 |
| Transparency | Opaque |
| Cut | Cabochon |
| Origin | India, Russia, Poland, United States |
Bloodstone is known for its durability and ability to take a high polish. It is often used in seals, cameos, and pendants due to its hardness and the way it holds detail in carvings. The red flecks in bloodstone are not always uniform, and the most desirable stones have a balanced distribution of red and green.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Aquamarine
Aquamarine has long been associated with the sea and has been regarded as a protective stone for sailors. In ancient times, it was believed that carrying aquamarine would calm the waters and ensure a safe voyage. This belief is reflected in its name, which comes from the Latin aqua marina, meaning "seawater."
In medieval Europe, aquamarine was thought to have protective properties in battle and litigation. It was also believed to make the wearer amiable and unconquerable. Christians associated aquamarine with St. Thomas, the patron saint of sailors, and believed it encouraged happy marriages. In Buddhist traditions, aquamarine symbolized love and was given to newlyweds as a token of affection.
Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute aquamarine with calming properties. It is considered a stone of serenity and is used to reduce anxiety and promote emotional balance. It is also believed to enhance communication and encourage honesty in relationships.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone has a rich history of symbolic and protective uses. In ancient times, it was believed to strengthen the body and restore health. Warriors carried it into battle, believing it would protect them and give them the strength to fight. The red flecks in bloodstone were thought to represent life and vitality, and the stone was used in amulets and talismans to promote courage and endurance.
In medieval Europe, bloodstone was associated with the blood of Christ and was used in religious jewelry and seals. It was believed to have healing properties and was used to treat various ailments, including fevers and wounds. In the Middle Ages, it was also believed to protect against poisoning, making it a popular gemstone among royalty.
Modern metaphysical practitioners consider bloodstone a stone of strength and vitality. It is believed to ground the wearer and promote courage and determination. It is also used to enhance physical energy and stamina, making it a popular choice for athletes and those seeking to improve their health and well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Aquamarine
Due to its high hardness (7.5–8 on the Mohs scale), aquamarine is relatively durable and suitable for everyday wear. However, it is sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures for prolonged periods. It is also important to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, as these can damage the gem’s surface or alter its color.
To clean aquamarine jewelry, use a soft brush and mild soap with warm water. Gently scrub the gem to remove dirt and debris, then rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage to the stone, especially if it has inclusions or has been heat-treated.
Aquamarine should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It is best to keep it in a soft cloth or a padded jewelry box to avoid contact with harder stones.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone has a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, making it more sensitive than aquamarine but still suitable for most jewelry. It is opaque and does not refract light like transparent gems, so it is less likely to show signs of wear. However, it is still important to handle bloodstone with care, as it can be scratched or chipped if struck against hard surfaces.
To clean bloodstone, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Gently wipe the stone to remove dirt and debris, then rinse and dry with a soft cloth. Avoid using abrasive materials, as these can scratch the surface of the stone.
Bloodstone should be stored in a soft cloth or padded jewelry box to prevent scratches. It is best to keep it away from direct sunlight and heat, as these can cause the red flecks to fade over time.
Conclusion
March’s dual birthstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—represent a unique blend of history, symbolism, and geological beauty. Aquamarine, with its serene blue hues, evokes the calm of the sea and the renewal of spring, while bloodstone, with its bold red flecks, symbolizes strength and vitality. Together, these two gemstones reflect the contrasting energies of March, a month of transition and transformation.
From ancient times to the modern day, these stones have been cherished for their protective, healing, and symbolic properties. Whether used in jewelry, carvings, or talismans, aquamarine and bloodstone continue to captivate gem lovers and historians alike. Their rich histories and enduring appeal make them two of the most fascinating and meaningful birthstones in the gemstone calendar.