August is unique among the months of the year in that it is associated with not one, but three official birthstones: Peridot, Sardonyx, and Spinel. Each of these gemstones carries its own rich history, distinct gemological properties, and symbolic meanings that have evolved over centuries. While peridot is the most widely recognized and celebrated of the trio, sardonyx and spinel each bring their own allure and significance to the August birthstone tradition.
This article explores the characteristics, origins, cultural significance, and care considerations of these three gemstones, drawing on historical and gemological information from a range of sources. Whether you are an August-born individual, a jewelry collector, or a gemology enthusiast, understanding the depth and diversity of August’s birthstones will enhance your appreciation of their enduring appeal.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months dates back to ancient times, with early references found in biblical texts and medieval manuscripts. The practice of associating gemstones with birth months is believed to have originated in Poland or Germany, and it has since evolved into a global tradition. August is particularly special in this tradition due to its association with three distinct gemstones.
Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, has the longest historical pedigree. This composite gem is made from alternating bands of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a white or black chalcedony). Sardonyx was highly valued in ancient times for its durability and symbolic meaning. It was used to make engraved seals and cameos, and it was believed to bring courage and protection. During the Renaissance, sardonyx was even worn by public speakers and orators for its supposed ability to enhance eloquence and persuasive power. For some, it was also considered a stone that could help single women attract their ideal partners and support happy marriages.
Peridot, often regarded as the traditional birthstone for August, has a history that is equally rich and intriguing. Known as the “evening emerald” and the “gem of the Sun” by the ancient Egyptians, peridot is a vibrant green gemstone that has been found in meteorites and volcanic lava. Its deep green color is due to the presence of iron in its composition. Peridot was often mistaken for emerald in historical times, and some of the emeralds in the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral are actually peridot. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have also been composed of peridot.
The most recent addition to the August birthstone roster is Spinel. Recognized as an official birthstone in 2016, spinel is a relatively new entrant to the tradition. Despite its late inclusion, spinel has been known and appreciated for centuries. It was often confused with ruby and other red gems due to its striking color. Spinel is a versatile gemstone, available in a range of colors including intense red, vivid pink, orange, purple, violet, blue, and bluish green. It has also been used as a traditional wedding anniversary gift for 22 years of marriage.
Together, these three gemstones represent a fascinating blend of ancient tradition and modern appreciation, offering a wide range of colors, symbolism, and styles for those born in August.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of August’s birthstones is formed under unique geological conditions and is found in specific locations around the world. Understanding where and how these gemstones are formed can provide insight into their rarity and value.
Peridot
Peridot is the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, which forms deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity or found within meteorites. This process gives peridot an extraterrestrial allure, as it can literally originate from outer space. Peridot is also known as “Pele’s Tears,” a reference to the Hawaiian volcano goddess Pele, as the gem is sometimes found in volcanic lava.
The color of peridot ranges from yellowish green to deep olive green, depending on the amount of iron in its composition. It is primarily mined in countries such as the United States, Brazil, China, and Myanmar. The United States, particularly in Arizona and Hawaii, is known for producing some of the finest peridot specimens.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a composite gemstone made from alternating bands of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a white or black chalcedony). It forms in sedimentary and volcanic rock deposits and is often found in layers that make it ideal for carving. Sardonyx is primarily mined in India, where it is known for its strong color contrast between the sard and onyx layers. Other notable sources include Brazil, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madagascar, Uruguay, and the United States.
India is the largest producer of sardonyx, with the stone being highly valued for its durability and symbolic meaning. The gem’s layered structure makes it well-suited for use in engraved seals, cameos, and jewelry. Its historical use in ancient cultures highlights its enduring appeal and significance.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral that forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is found in a variety of colors due to different trace elements in its composition. Red and pink spinel are colored by chromium, while blue spinel is colored by cobalt. Spinel is known for its clarity and brilliance, making it a popular gemstone for jewelry.
The primary sources of spinel include Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Tanzania, and Pakistan. Myanmar is particularly famous for producing spinel in arresting colors such as hot pink and red. Sri Lanka is known for its blue, pink, and purple spinel, especially in the Central Highlands and the Ratnapura District. In northern Vietnam, the Luc Yen region produces spinel in deep red, purple, pink, vivid blue, and violet-blue hues. In 2007, pinkish and orangy-red spinel was discovered in Tanzania, adding to the diversity of sources for this gemstone.
The discovery of spinel in such a range of locations and colors has contributed to its growing popularity in the jewelry industry. Its versatility and beauty make it a valuable addition to the August birthstone tradition.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of a gemstone is essential for appreciating its beauty and durability. Each of August’s birthstones has unique characteristics that make them suitable for different types of jewelry and uses.
Peridot
Peridot is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. This makes it suitable for jewelry but requires careful handling to avoid scratches and chips. Peridot is also sensitive to high heat and sudden temperature changes, which can cause it to crack or break.
The gemstone has a vitreous luster and a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.69, giving it a bright, glassy appearance. Peridot is typically found in transparent to translucent forms and is known for its pleochroism, which means it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This property adds to its visual appeal and makes it a popular choice for jewelry.
Peridot is also known for its inclusions, which are often visible as small, needle-like crystals or rounded bodies. These inclusions are characteristic of the gem and are considered part of its natural beauty.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, which is a form of microcrystalline quartz. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it durable enough for everyday wear. The gemstone has a waxy to vitreous luster and is typically opaque to translucent. Its layered structure makes it ideal for carving and engraving, allowing for intricate designs and patterns.
Sardonyx is not known for its brilliance or sparkle, as it does not refract light as effectively as some other gemstones. However, its durability and ability to hold fine detail make it a valuable gemstone for engraved seals, cameos, and jewelry. Its contrasting colors also make it a visually striking gemstone, especially in cabochon cuts.
Spinel
Spinel is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it more resistant to scratches and damage than peridot and sardonyx. It has a vitreous luster and a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.834, giving it a bright, glassy appearance. Spinel is known for its clarity and brilliance, making it a popular choice for faceted jewelry.
The gemstone is available in a wide range of colors, from intense red and vivid pink to orange, purple, violet, blue, and bluish green. This versatility allows for a variety of jewelry designs and styles. Spinel is also known for its lack of inclusions, making it a clean and clear gemstone that is highly desirable.
Spinel is also known for its cleavage, which can make it susceptible to breaking if struck in the wrong direction. However, when properly cut and set, it is a durable and beautiful gemstone that can be worn with confidence.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of August’s birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, which have been passed down through history and continue to influence their use in jewelry and personal adornment.
Peridot
Peridot has long been associated with the sun and is often referred to as the “gem of the Sun.” It is believed to bring warmth, positivity, and abundance to those who wear it. Ancient Egyptians revered peridot for its protective qualities and believed it could ward off nightmares and evil spirits. Some cultures also associate peridot with the heart chakra, believing it to promote emotional healing and balance.
Peridot is also considered a stone of abundance and prosperity. It is often used in jewelry to attract wealth and success. Some people believe that wearing peridot can enhance creativity and inspire new ideas. In modern times, peridot is also used in meditation and energy healing practices to promote inner peace and clarity.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has been associated with strength, courage, and protection throughout history. It was believed to provide protection to warriors and travelers, helping them to overcome challenges and adversity. The gemstone was also used in ancient times to make engraved seals and cameos, which were used to mark important documents and correspondence.
Sardonyx is also associated with communication and eloquence. During the Renaissance, it was worn by public speakers and orators for its supposed ability to enhance speech and persuasion. Some cultures also believed that sardonyx could help attract love and support happy marriages. In modern times, sardonyx is still used in jewelry to promote confidence, strength, and resilience.
Spinel
Spinel is a relatively new addition to the August birthstone tradition, but it has a long history of use in jewelry and personal adornment. It is known for its vibrant colors and brilliance, which make it a popular choice for special occasions and fine jewelry. Spinel is also associated with vitality, energy, and passion, making it a symbol of life and love.
Spinel is also used in traditional wedding anniversary gifts, symbolizing 22 years of marriage. It is believed to represent the enduring nature of love and the strength of a long-term relationship. Spinel is also associated with courage and determination, making it a valuable gemstone for those who are facing challenges or seeking personal growth.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and maintenance are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of August’s birthstones. Each gemstone has specific requirements for cleaning and handling, based on its hardness, durability, and sensitivity to environmental factors.
Peridot
Peridot is a relatively soft gemstone, so it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and chips. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush to gently remove dirt and debris. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone’s surface.
Peridot is also sensitive to high heat and sudden temperature changes, which can cause it to crack or break. Avoid exposing the gemstone to direct sunlight for extended periods, as this can cause it to fade or lose its luster. When storing peridot jewelry, keep it in a soft cloth or jewelry box to prevent contact with other gemstones that may scratch its surface.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a durable gemstone that can withstand normal wear and tear. It can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush to gently remove dirt and debris. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone’s surface or cause it to crack.
Sardonyx is not known for its brilliance or sparkle, so it does not require frequent cleaning. However, regular maintenance will help to preserve its appearance and ensure that it remains beautiful for years to come. When storing sardonyx jewelry, keep it in a jewelry box or soft cloth to prevent it from coming into contact with other gemstones that may scratch its surface.
Spinel
Spinel is a durable gemstone that is resistant to scratches and damage. It can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush to gently remove dirt and debris. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone’s surface or cause it to lose its luster.
Spinel is also resistant to heat and light, making it a stable gemstone that can be worn in a variety of settings. However, it is important to avoid exposing it to sudden temperature changes, as this can cause it to crack or break. When storing spinel jewelry, keep it in a jewelry box or soft cloth to prevent it from coming into contact with other gemstones that may scratch its surface.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—each bring their own unique beauty, history, and symbolism to the tradition of birthstones. Peridot, with its vibrant green color and association with the sun, is the most widely recognized and celebrated of the three. Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, has a long history of use in ancient cultures and is known for its durability and symbolic meaning. Spinel, the newest addition to the August birthstone tradition, brings a vibrant range of colors and a rich history of use in jewelry and personal adornment.
Understanding the characteristics, origins, and symbolism of these gemstones can enhance your appreciation of their enduring appeal. Whether you are an August-born individual, a jewelry collector, or a gemology enthusiast, the August birthstones offer a fascinating blend of beauty, history, and meaning that is sure to captivate and inspire.