December, the final month of the year, is symbolically rich with themes of renewal, celebration, and reflection. It is also a month celebrated in the world of gemology for its association with multiple birthstones—each one unique in color, composition, and cultural significance. This article delves into the gemstones of December, focusing on blue zircon, tanzanite, turquoise, and their historical and contemporary relevance in jewelry, spirituality, and personal expression.
December is one of the few months with multiple recognized birthstones, a tradition that evolved over time and reflects the diverse tastes and needs of gemstone enthusiasts. The modern December birthstone list includes blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise, while lapis lazuli and blue topaz are also recognized in some traditions. Each of these gemstones carries distinct characteristics that have contributed to their enduring appeal across cultures and centuries.
Historically, December birthstones have been associated with protection, wisdom, and spiritual connection. These stones are not merely decorative; they have been revered for their symbolic meanings and their perceived metaphysical properties. Their vibrant blue hues mirror the wintry sky and the icy landscapes of December, making them particularly resonant for those born during this time of year.
This article will explore the geological formation, historical uses, symbolic meanings, and care instructions for each of these gemstones, drawing from the most authoritative sources and historical records. The goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of December’s birthstones, their significance, and their place in both modern and ancient traditions.
History and Lore
The history of December birthstones is as varied as the gemstones themselves. The concept of assigning gemstones to months of the year is believed to have originated from ancient biblical references, where a list of 12 stones was associated with the 12 tribes of Israel. According to some sources, ruby was originally assigned to December. However, over time, this association changed, and new gemstones were introduced to reflect the evolving cultural and commercial landscape of gemstones.
By the 19th century, turquoise had become a prominent birthstone for December. It was featured in the "Gregorian Birthstone Poems" pamphlet by Tiffany & Co. in 1870. In 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now the Jewelers of America) expanded the list to include lapis lazuli as an alternative December birthstone. In 1952, the Jewelry Industry Council of America added zircon to the list, and in 2002, tanzanite was officially recognized as a December birthstone in the United States.
This evolution in the December birthstone list reflects both the changing availability of certain gemstones and the influence of the jewelry industry in shaping popular perceptions of birthstones. The inclusion of multiple December birthstones also allows for greater diversity in color, price, and personal preference, making it easier for individuals to find a gemstone that resonates with them.
Cultural and Metaphysical Significance
Each of the December birthstones has its own set of cultural and metaphysical meanings. These meanings have been passed down through centuries and continue to influence the way people view and use these gemstones today.
Turquoise, in particular, has a long history of spiritual and cultural significance. In ancient times, it was used by shamans as a talisman of protection, prosperity, and good luck. It was also believed to align the body’s meridians and bring calmness during meditation. Turquoise is often associated with the zodiac sign Sagittarius, one of the signs that spans into December.
Lapis lazuli, once a primary December birthstone before 1952, was revered by royalty and artists. It was considered a stone of wisdom and truth, believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. Its deep blue color was often associated with the night sky and the infinite possibilities it represents.
Zircon, especially in its blue form, is known for its brilliant fire and clarity. It is considered a stone of emotional balance and joy, helping individuals to maintain a sense of inner peace and optimism. Zircon’s inclusion in the December birthstone list reflects its historical significance as one of the oldest minerals on Earth.
Tanzanite, the most recent addition to the December birthstone list, is known for its unique blue to violet color. It is considered a highly protective and soothing stone, believed to help individuals share spiritual information from their heart in a calm and compassionate manner. Tanzanite is only found in one location near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, which adds to its rarity and allure.
These gemstones have not only been used in jewelry but also in spiritual practices, from meditation to protective talismans. Their enduring appeal lies in their ability to connect individuals with a sense of history, identity, and personal meaning.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of a gemstone adds another layer of appreciation for its beauty and significance. Each of December’s birthstones has a unique formation process and source location, which contributes to its rarity and value.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a mineral that forms in igneous rocks and is one of the oldest minerals on Earth. It is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Madagascar, and Brazil. Blue zircon is created through a heat treatment process that enhances its natural color. This gemstone is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant fire and a rainbow-like sparkle.
Zircon has a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable for everyday wear in jewelry. Its clarity can vary, with some stones exhibiting inclusions that add to their character and uniqueness.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery in the world of gemstones. It was first discovered in 1967 near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, and it is the only known source of this gemstone in the world. Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral columbite, and its blue to violet color is due to trace amounts of vanadium.
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale and is sensitive to heat and light, which can cause it to fade or change color. This sensitivity requires careful handling and storage to maintain its vibrant hue.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, and it forms in arid regions where copper-rich rocks are exposed to the surface. It is found in countries such as Nepal, China, Egypt, and the United States (particularly in Arizona and New Mexico).
Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively soft and prone to scratches. It is also porous and can absorb oils and dirt, requiring regular cleaning and protection from harsh chemicals.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a color-treated form of topaz, which is a silicate mineral found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Myanmar, and the United States. The blue color is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, which alters the crystal structure and enhances the gemstone's color.
Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the harder December birthstones. It is also resistant to scratches and abrasions, making it ideal for everyday jewelry.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of each December birthstone are essential for understanding their beauty, durability, and value. These properties include color, clarity, cut, carat weight, hardness, and refractive index.
| Gemstone | Color | Clarity | Hardness (Mohs) | Refractive Index | Chemical Composition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Zircon | Blue, sometimes with rainbow fire | Variable, may contain inclusions | 6.5–7.5 | 1.92–2.01 | ZrSiO₄ |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | Variable, may show inclusions | 6–7 | 1.69–1.70 | CaAl₂(PO₄)₂(OH)₂ |
| Turquoise | Blue-green, varying in tone | Often opaque, with visible matrix | 5–6 | 1.61–1.63 | Al₂(OH)₃PO₄ |
| Blue Topaz | Blue, ranging from light to deep | Typically clear after treatment | 8 | 1.62–1.64 | Al₂SiO₆ |
These properties influence how the gemstones are used in jewelry and how they are cared for. For example, blue topaz is a durable option for everyday wear, while tanzanite and turquoise require more delicate handling due to their lower hardness and sensitivity to light and chemicals.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones are not only admired for their physical beauty but also for the meanings and powers attributed to them in various cultures and spiritual traditions. These beliefs have been passed down through generations and continue to influence the way people view and use these gemstones today.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is often associated with joy, emotional balance, and inner peace. It is believed to help individuals maintain a positive outlook and navigate emotional challenges with grace and resilience. In some traditions, zircon is also associated with protection and spiritual clarity, helping individuals connect with higher realms of consciousness.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known as a stone of transformation and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals release emotional blockages and embrace change with openness and acceptance. Tanzanite is also associated with empathy and compassion, making it a popular choice for those who seek to deepen their spiritual connections.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been regarded as a stone of protection and good fortune. In ancient times, it was used as a talisman to ward off evil and promote health and prosperity. It is also believed to enhance communication, making it an ideal stone for those who seek to express themselves more clearly and confidently.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli, once a traditional December birthstone, is associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It is believed to stimulate intellectual growth and encourage a deeper understanding of the self and the world. Lapis lazuli is also associated with serenity and calmness, making it a popular stone for meditation and spiritual practices.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is known for its calming and soothing properties. It is believed to enhance self-esteem and promote a sense of inner strength and confidence. Blue topaz is also associated with clarity of thought and emotional stability, making it an ideal stone for those who seek to improve their focus and decision-making skills.
These metaphysical beliefs add another layer of meaning to December’s birthstones, making them more than just beautiful gemstones but also powerful symbols of personal growth and spiritual connection.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to light and chemicals.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is relatively durable and can be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm, soapy water. It should be avoided using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone’s internal structure. Zircon should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and light, so it should be stored in a dark place to prevent fading. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild detergent, but should be avoided using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials. Tanzanite should also be handled with care to prevent chips or fractures.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone, so it requires gentle care. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild detergent and avoided using water for prolonged periods, as this can cause the gemstone to absorb moisture and lose its color. Turquoise should also be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent damage from humidity.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones and is relatively easy to clean. It can be cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner or steam cleaner without fear of damage. Blue topaz should be stored in a soft cloth or jewelry box to prevent scratches from harder gemstones.
Proper care and cleaning not only preserve the appearance of these gemstones but also ensure their continued use and enjoyment for years to come.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—blue zircon, tanzanite, turquoise, and blue topaz—are more than just beautiful gemstones; they are rich in history, symbolism, and cultural significance. Each stone carries its own unique properties and meanings, making them valuable not only as adornments but also as symbols of personal identity and spiritual connection.
From their geological origins to their metaphysical properties, these gemstones have played an important role in human history and continue to be cherished today. Whether used in jewelry, meditation, or as protective talismans, December’s birthstones offer a diverse range of options for individuals to express their personal style and beliefs.
For those born in December or for those seeking to connect with the energy of these gemstones, understanding their properties and care requirements is essential for ensuring their beauty and longevity. With proper care and appreciation, these gemstones can be treasured for generations, serving as a reminder of the rich heritage and enduring allure of December’s birthstones.